https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.

The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and Preliminary Psychometric Data

Following the 2016 U.S. presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (“fake news”), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: (i) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their “most important” source; (ii) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; (iii) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and (iv) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.

/pdf/social-media-and-fake-news-in-the-2016-election-1m4ttkb5mo.pdf

Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election

Attachment--and loss.

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Book review: Transforming medical education for the 21st century: Megatrends, priorities and change

Medical leadership is important and must be a part of training. It requires qualities at three levels: the personal, the interpersonal (working with and through others) and the organisational (in political and cultural contexts). Some of the traits of good leadership can be taught and learnt, whereas others are inherent. The roles of individual leaders depend on the organisations in which they are involved. Different contexts require different leadership styles.

/pdf/what-makes-a-medical-leader-1rfoxgzkxp.pdf

What makes a medical leader

Mental health has been an integral part of an individual's well-being, although there have been difficulties in defining it and in whether mental illness should be seen as the opposite end of this spectrum Sartorius (1) defined mental health as a state of the organism which allows the full performance of all its functions or as a state of balance within oneself and between an individual and his or her physical, social (and cultural) environment Another definition used is absence of disease However, the key is that an individual must be able to function well and in so doing meet the needs of food, shelter, survival, and so forth (2) Mental health is related to feelings of self-worth and contributes to self-esteem As such mental health is a mixture of physical, social, and psychological well-being Interactions between the individual and that person's immediate family and peers and society at large will allow him or her to function effectively and successfully Bhugra et al (3) noted that mental health is about a state of equipoise, where the individual is at peace with themself, functions effectively socially, and is able to look after his or her needs Psychiatry has often focused too much on mental illness and not enough on mental health Training both at undergraduate and postgraduate levels may cover some aspects of preventive and social medicine, but often does not deal with mental health and well-being We ignore the interaction between physical and mental health at our peril There is ample evidence that co-morbidity of physical and mental illness can diminish overall prognosis Positive mental health can result in better educational attainment, greater productivity, reduced mortality, and reduced risk behaviours (4) The relationship between mental health promotion and prevention of mental ill health is important Clinicians are trained in managing mental illness and mental ill health The challenge is to encourage them to lead on prevention Mental ill health poses a considerable imposition on society directly and indirectly In the United Kingdom, for example, mental ill health accounts for 228% of total disease burden, compared to 159% on cancer and 162% on cardiovascular disease, and the economic cost of mental illness is 105 [pounds sterling] billion in England alone (4) The case for prevention is significant not only for economic reasons but for the functioning of society as a whole There is evidence to indicate that the burden of mental illness cannot be reduced simply by treating mentally ill individuals (5) It has been argued that the only sustainable method of reducing the burden of disease is prevention (6) We know that half of lifetime mental illnesses (except dementia) starts by the age of 14 years and 75% by the mid-20s (7,8) Risk factors for mental ill health in adulthood date back to childhood where these factors can be divided into those relating to the child, those relating to the family, and those related to the household itself Maternal stress, substance abuse during pregnancy, child (physical, sexual and emotional) abuse, lone parents, low income, poor housing, overcrowding, debt, violence, unemployment, and other factors all play a role Looked-after children (those in care), the elderly, women, lesbians/gay/bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, and prisoners are all at a higher risk of developing mental ill health Mental health and physical health should be promoted together and not in isolation from each other Mental health promotion can be focused on societies and families as well as on individuals Individuals must develop the personal ability to deal with the social environment and that subject's internal world The entire population as a whole should be seen as the base of a pyramid Most individuals will seek help from their personal, social and folk sector in the first instance A small proportion will seek help in primary care and of these only a few may be referred on to secondary care …

Public mental health--what is to be done?

/pdf/poor-medical-student-welfare-a-growing-threat-to-healthcare-4e6881hfdp.pdf

Poor medical student welfare—a growing threat to healthcare

Letter to the Editor

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