Microbial catabolism of chemical herbicides: Microbial resources, metabolic pathways and catabolic genes.

A novel magnetic ionic liquid modified carbon nanotube for the simultaneous determination of aryloxyphenoxy-propionate herbicides and their metabolites in water.

The risk of liver injury associated with the use of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) is well known among physicians caring for patients under a HMP therapy, as documented in case reports or case series and evidenced by using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) to verify a causal relationship. In many cases, however, the quality of HMPs has rarely been considered regarding potential culprits such as contaminants and toxins possibly incriminated as causes for the liver injury. This review aims to comprehensively assemble details of tentative hepatotoxic contaminants and toxins found in HMPs. Based on the origin, harmful agents may be divided according two main sources, namely the phyto-hepatotoxin and the nonphyto-hepatotoxin groups. More specifically, phyto-hepatotoxins are phytochemicals or their metabolites naturally produced by plants or internally in response to plant stress conditions. In contrast, nonphyto-hepatotoxic elements may include contaminants or adulterants occurring during collection, processing and production, are the result of accumulation of toxic heavy metals by the plant itself due to soil pollutions, or represent mycotoxins, herbicidal and pesticidal residues. The phyto-hepatotoxins detected in HMPs are classified into eight major groups consisting of volatile compounds, phytotoxic proteins, glycosides, terpenoid lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and phenolic acids. Nonphyto-hepatotoxins including metals, mycotoxins, and pesticidal and herbicidal residues and tentative mechanisms of toxicity are discussed. In conclusion, although a variety of potential toxic substances may enter the human body through HMP use, the ability of these toxins to trigger human liver injury remains largely unclear.

Potential Hepatotoxins Found in Herbal Medicinal Products: A Systematic Review.

In the present study, a magnetic mimic multi-enzyme system was developed by encapsulating the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicide hydrolase QpeH and alcohol oxidase (AOx) in zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanocrystals with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) to detect AOPP herbicides. The structural, protein loading capacity and loading ratio, porosity, and magnetic properties of QpeH/AOx@mZIF-8 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen sorption, and vibrating sample magnetometry. An AOPP herbicide colorimetric biosensor made with QpeH/AOx@mZIF-8 had the highest sensitivity toward quizalofop-P-ethyl (QpE) with a limit of detection of 8.2 μM. This system was suitable to detect two other AOPP herbicides, including fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (FpE) and haloxyfop-P-methyl (HpE). The practical application of the biosensor was verified through quantitative analysis of QpE residues in industrial wastewater and field soils. Furthermore, QpeH/AOx@mZIF-8 exhibited excellent long-term storage stability (at least 50 days), easy separation by magnet, and reusability (at least 10 cycles), supporting its promising role in simple and low-cost detection of AOPP herbicides in real environmental samples.

Magnetic ZIF-8-Based Mimic Multi-enzyme System as a Colorimetric Biosensor for Detection of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Herbicides.

Quizalofop-P-ethyl exposure increases estrogen axis activity in male and slightly decreases estrogen axis activity in female zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Quizalofop-p-ethyl {(R)-2-[4-(6-chloro-quinoxalin-2-yloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid; QpE} is a selective, postemergence phenoxy herbicide that belongs to the chemical group of aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids. The aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids, together with the cyclohexanediones class, account for approximately 10% of the global herbicide market (Harwood 1999). QpE is a slightly toxic compound [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicity class III] and is irritating to the skin and only slightly irritating to the eyes (U.S. EPA. 1998). We present the first reported case in humans of a prolonged cholestatic/hepatocellular toxicity induced by occupational exposure to QpE.

Case report: mixed cholestatic/hepatocellular liver injury induced by the herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl.

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Case report: mixed cholestatic/hepatocellular liver injury induced by the herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl.