. Pazla R, Yanti G, Jamarun N, Arief, Elihasridas, Sucitra LS. 2021. Degradation of phytic acid from tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves using Lactobacillus bulgaricus at different fermentation times. Biodiversitas 22: 4794-4798. The aim of this study is to reduce high level of phytic acid in tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves by fermentation technique using Lactobacillus bulgaricus. A completely randomized design consisting of four treatments (fermentation time) i.e. T2: 2 days, T3: 3 days, T4: 4 days and T5: 5 days and experiment was performed in four replicates. The parameters measured were pH, phytase enzyme activity, total bacterial colony, phytic acid content, and phytic acid degradation. The results showed that the fermentation time had a significant effect (P<0.05) on pH, phytase enzyme activity, total bacterial colony, phytic acid content, and phytic acid degradation. The conclusion of this study is that on fifth day (Treatment T5) fermented tithonia leaves produced the lowest levels of phytic acid (3.48 mg/ 100g) with the highest level of degradation (64.81%).

Degradation of phytic acid from tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) leaves using Lactobacillus bulgaricus at different fermentation times

Candida spp secreted a different kind of extracellular enzymes. Protease and lipase are the enzymes that are commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to examine protease and lipase activity of Candida tropicalis isolated from the soil of the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Indonesia. Candida isolate was subjected to the fermentation process to obtain bioactive metabolites. The result was analyzed using ANOVA within a 5% interval of confidence, continuing with PostHoc. The result showed the Candida tropicalis metabolite giving the best proteolytic index value (0,6556 ± 0,0090) U/mL. The metabolite isolate of Candida tropicalis had the highest activity, amounting to 5,776 ± 0,495 U/mL. The best results of lipolytic index value (0,394 ± 0,053) U/mL.  The Candida tropicalis metabolites produced the highest lipase enzyme after nine days of fermentation in 5.2917±0,0167 U/mL.

https://biota.ac.id/index.php/jb/article/download/245/94

The Ability of Soil Candida albicans Secreted Potential Protease and Lipase

Pendahuluan: Diare merupakan masih menjadi masalah utama di seluruh dunia dan menjadi penyebab tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian di segala usia. Sebagian besar kasus diare disebabkan oleh virus bersifat self limiting disease. Namun sayangnya, diare menjadi salah satu penyakit yang rentan menyebabkan overuse dan misuse dari penggunaan antibiotik. Hal tersebut berpotensi meningkatkan resiko terjadinya resistensi antibiotik. Surveilans pola peresepan antibiotik merupakan bagian penting dalam pengendalian resistensi antibiotik dan perlu dilakukan secara secara rutin dari waktu ke waktu. Tujuan: Melakukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien diare di Puskesmas Kalisat Kabupaten Jember tahun 2021 menggunaakan metode ATC per DDD serta melihat kesesuiaan pemilihan antibiotik berdasarkan PPK tahun 2017. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan metode retrospektif. Pengambilan data dilakukan terhadap 55 rekam medis pasien diare rawat jalan di Puskesmas Kalisat Kabupaten Jember tahun 2021 yang memenuhi kriteria. Data penggunaan antibiotik dihitung nilai sesuai indikator DDD per 1000 pasien per hari, Drug Utilization (DU) 90 persen serta kesesuaian dengan PPK 2017. Hasil: Karakteristik responden menunjukkan jumlah pasien diare perempuan lebih banyak dibanding pasien laki-laki (63,64 persen vs 36,36 persen). Persentase diare terbanyak terjadi pada kelompok usia 18-25 tahun dan 36-45 tahun dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 21, 82 persen serta diagnosis paling banyak adalah gastroenteritis akut (GEA) yaitu sebesar 67,27 persen. Total penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien diare sebesar 5,98 DDD per 1000 pasien per hari dengan antibiotik yang sering diresepkan adalah kotrimoksazol dengan nilai 3,59 DDD per 1000 pasien per hari dan menyusun 60,13 persen dari segmen DU 90 persen. Persentase kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien GEA sebesar 94,59 persen. Sedangkan untuk pasien dengan diagnosis disentri, persentase kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik didapatkan sebesar 38,88 persen. Kesimpulan: Kotrimoxazol paling tinggi diresepkan dalam terapi diare di Puskesmas Kalisat Kabupaten Jember dan menunjukkan persentase 60,13 persen dalam segmen DU 90 persen, sehingga perlu adanya evaluasi terkait ketepatan penggunaan sebagai upaya untuk mengendalikan jumlah peresepan antibiotik tersebut guna mencegah resiko resistensi  antibiotik.

Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Pasien Diare Menggunakan Metode ATC/DDD di Puskesmas Kalisat Kabupaten Jember

Background: Medicine is one of the most essential elements in health service efforts. Good drug management will affect the availability of drugs and improve the degree of health in the community.Objectives: This study aims to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of drug management at the Tegal City Pharmaceutical Installation in 2021 related to compliance with the Indonesian Ministry of Health and WHO indicators.Methods: This research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. Data was taken retrospectively through document tracing and supplemented with qualitative data through interviews to deepen findings in the field. Data obtained and the results of interviews with the Head of Installation and pharmaceutical personnel, totaling five respondents, will then be compared with standard indicators from the Indonesian Ministry of Health and WHO. Data analysis in this study used indicators of selection, procurement, distribution, and use of drugs. The values of the indicators that have been obtained are subsequently compared with the existing standard values.Results: The results of drug management research at the Tegal City Pharmaceutical Installation are at the selection stage of proposing drugs to Fornas. The procurement stage of drug suitability with Fornas is 96.4%, the fund allocation percentage is 92%, and the planning accuracy is 95.7%. The distribution stage of the level of drug availability 12-18 is 13.92 months, the accuracy of the number of distributions to the Puskesmas is 100%, the percentage of drugs experiencing empty stock, dead stock, and overstock is 0%, the percentage of damaged and expired drugs is 0%. The use stage of drug items per prescription is 3.5 drug items, the percentage of antibiotic use in non-specific patients is 30.7%, the percentage of non-pneumonia Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) antibiotic use is 34.2%, and myalgia injection use is 0%.Conclusion: The conclusion of drug management at the selection, procurement, distribution, and use stages in 2021 carried out at the Tegal City Pharmaceutical Installation has yet to follow standards. Of the 14 indicators studied, only 8 follow the standard, and 6 other indicators still need compliance to evaluation. 

pdf/analysis-of-drug-management-at-tegal-city-pharmaceutical-4hrgtowmmo.pdf

Analysis of Drug Management at Tegal City Pharmaceutical Installation

The need for protease in the industrial field has been increasing. Candidates for producing these enzymes can be isolated from the digestive tract of catfish ( Clarias sp.). The purpose of this study was to obtain bacterial isolates that produce proteolytic from the gastrointestinal tract of catfish and determine the effect of different production media on the activity of proteolytic. The first step of this study was isolation, screening, and identification of bacteria. The second step was to test the effect of the media Luria Bertani, trypticase soy broth, and skim milk broth on proteolytic activity. Nineteen isolates were obtained from the screening process of proteolytic bacteria. Isolate no 1, was known as the best isolate in producing enzymes and was known as Bacillus sp. Tests with different growth media gave results that semi-quantitative, nutrient growth media produced the highest activity with a proteolytic index value of 2.09 ± 0.41. In addition, based on quantitative tests, the media Luria Bertani Broth produced the highest specific activity with a value of 36.479 U/mg. The conclusion of this study, Bacillus sp. from the gastrointestinal tract of catfish that cultured on the Luria Bertani Broth medium produced the best activity.

/pdf/protease-production-from-bacillus-sp-isolated-from-2prxb95t59.pdf

Protease Production from Bacillus sp. Isolated from Gastrointestinal Tract of Catfish (Clarias sp.) with Different Medium

Pendahuluan : Telah dilakukan produksi protease dari bakteri termofilik isolat LS-1 yang dikulturkan dalam media cair mengandung natrium sitrat. Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum produksi protease pada isolat bakteri termofilik lumpur Sidoarjo. Metode : Produksi protease dilakukan pada berbagai waktu, sumber karbon dan nitrogen. Karakterisasi protease dilakukan dengan menggunakan substrat azokasein dengan pengaruh berbagai suhu, pH dan pengaruh ion logam. Hasil :  Produk enzim mencapai maksimum pada 10 jam dengan aktivitas 1,85U/mg protein. Beberapa sumber karbon yang dibutuhkan untuk produksi protease dalam penelitian ini telah dioptimasi. Amilum adalah substrat terbaik, diikuti oleh natrium sitrat, asam sitrat dan sukrosa. Di antara berbagai sumber nitrogen organik dan anorganik NH 4 NO 3 telah diketahui yang terbaik. Studi karakterisasi protease yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan suhu optimum pada 60oC. Enzim stabil selama 2 jam pada suhu 30oC, sementara pada suhu 40oC dan 80oC, menurun masing masing 16% dan 86% dari aktivitas awal. Pencapaian pH optimum enzim diketahui 8,0. Setelah larutan enzim kasar dinkubasi selama 24 jam pada pH 5,5, 8,0 dan 9,0, terjadi penurunan sekitar masing-masing 49%, 15% dan 63% dari aktivitas sebelumnya. Pengaruh K + , Hg 2+ dan Cu 2+ pada konsentrasi 1mM sebagai inhibitor kuat sehingga mengakibatkan hilangnya aktivitas. Ion yang berkontribusi mempengaruhi aktivitas adalah Mn 2+ dan Ca 2+ , yang menunjukkan bahwa ion ini memiliki peran fungsional dalam struktur molekul enzim. Kesimpulan : Produksi protease optimum oleh bakteri termofilik isolat LS-1 pada waktu      10 jam. Amilum  adalah substrat terbaik untuk produksi protease. Suhu dan temperatur optimum aktivitas protease masing masing pada suhu 60oC dan pH 8,0. Aktivitas Protease dipengaruhi oleh ion logam Mn 2+ dan Ca 2+ .

/pdf/pengaruh-nutrisi-pada-produksi-dan-karakterisasi-protease-atxegmt6vz.pdf

Pengaruh Nutrisi pada Produksi dan Karakterisasi Protease dari Bakteri Termofilik Isolat LS-1 Lumpur Sidoarjo

Penggunaan sediaan farmasi yang tidak rasional merupakan masalah kesehatan. Dampaknya terjadi pada efek klinis hingga efek ekonomi. Pada masa Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), Puskesmas berperan dalam memberi layanan kesehatan tingkat pertama diharapkan mampu memberikan kualitas layanan yang optimal sehingga masalah kesehatan masyarakat tidak sampai berlanjut pada layanan tingkat lanjutan. Penggunaan sediaan farmasi yang tidak rasional diharapkan seminimal mungkin terjadi sehingga keselamatan pasien dapat terjaga. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara observasional dan bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran profil penggunaan obat rasional berdasarkan indikator yang telah ditetapkan World Health Organization (WHO). Data penelitian diambil di wilayah kabupaten pasuruan pada tahun 2020. Data yang dikumpulkan berasal dari laporan indikator peresepan di puskesmas pada Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten selama kurun waktu tahun 2019 dan direkap kembali menggunakan form pelaksanaan POR. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa penggunaan sediaan farmasi telah memenuhi standar WHO dari parameter penggunaan antibiotik pada ISPA non pneumoni dan diare, penggunaan injeksi pada myalgia, namun belum memenuhi pada rata-rata item obat per lembar resep. Penggunaan sediaan farmasi di puskesmas secara rata-rata Kabupaten Pasuruan telah memenuhi standar WHO namun masih perlu dilakukan tindaklanjut perbaikan terhadap puskesmas yang pelaksanaan penggunaan sediaan farmasinya belum memenuhi standar WHO

Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Rasional berdasarkan Indikator World Health Organization (WHO) di Puskesmas

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Pengaruh Nutrisi pada Produksi dan Karakterisasi Protease dari Bakteri Termofilik Isolat LS-1 Lumpur Sidoarjo

Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat Rasional berdasarkan Indikator World Health Organization (WHO) di Puskesmas