A review on phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

Objective To characterize the types, contents, and peroxynitrite-scavenging activities of flavonoids in the leaf of Carica papaya (C. papaya). Methods Chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques along with high performance liquid chromatography quantitative analysis and peroxynitrite-scavenging assay were performed to isolate and quantify flavonoid compounds in the flavonoid-rich fraction (BuOH fraction) derived from MeOH extract of C. papaya leaves and evaluate their peroxynitrite-scavenging activities. Results Seven flavonoids were isolated from the leaves of C. papaya, including quercetin 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside), kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside), quercetin 3-rutinoside, myricetin 3-rhamnoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, quercetin, and kaempferol. All of the substances exhibited potent activities on peroxynitrite scavenging (IC50 ≤ 4.15 μmol/L), which were stronger than the positive control, l -penicillamine (6.90 μmol/L). The content of kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside) was significantly higher than other identified compounds (123.18 mg/g BuOH fraction and 7.23 mg/g MeOH extract). Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate the potent antioxidant flavonoids of C. papaya leaf, with kaempferol 3-(2G-rhamnosylrutinoside) as the major one.

Identification and quantification of flavonoids in Carica papaya leaf and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity

Cadmium (Cd) damages the liver, kidney, bones, reproductive system, and other organs. Flavonoids, such as anthocyanins and flavonols, which are commonly found in plant foods, have shown protective effects against Cd-induced damage. The cytoprotective effects of flavonoids against Cd-induced diseases are mainly attributable to three mechanisms. First, flavonoids clear reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing lipid peroxide production and improving the activity of antioxidation enzymes. Second, flavonoids chelate Cd, thus reducing the accumulation of Cd and altering the levels of other essential metal ions in vivo. Third, flavonoids reduce DNA damage and inhibit apoptosis. In addition, flavonoids were found to inhibit inflammation and fibrosis and improve glycometabolism and the secretion of reproductive hormones. We introduce the daily dosage and absorption rate of flavonoids and then focus on their bioactive effects against Cd-induced toxicity and reveal the underlying metabolic pathway, which provides a basis for further study of the nutritional prevention of Cd-induced injury. In particular, a better understanding is needed of the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids against Cd toxicity, which has not yet been reported.

Cytoprotective effects of dietary flavonoids against cadmium-induced toxicity.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy and toxic metal and easily absorbed by animals and plants; subsequently, it is an environmental risk factor with several toxic effects in humans and animals. The main pathway of human or animal exposure to Cd is through its ingestion by water or food and by particles or fume inhalation during industrial processes. With continuous exposure to small levels of cadmium, it is being deposited in different tissues day after day, causing toxic effects on the liver, kidney, and testes. Long-term exposure to this toxic metal resulted in inflammatory infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes, degenerative changes in testis tissues, reduction in spermatocytes, degeneration in renal tubules, and hypertrophy of renal epithelium. Therefore, we need an effective treatment to overcome cadmium poisoning. Thus, in the current review, we try to provide compiled reports and summarize information about the toxicological effects of Cd in human, animals, and poultry. This review also provides updated information about the protective actions of herbs and herbal extracts and their role as an effective strategy in reducing or preventing serious health problems and tissue damage in response to Cd toxicity.

The potential modulatory role of herbal additives against Cd toxicity in human, animal, and poultry: a review.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.), one of the extensively studied plants, belongs to the family Caricaceae. Papaya is commonly known for its nutritional and medicinal value worldwide. Many parts of papaya plant such as roots, leaves, peels, fruits, and seeds have nutritional and therapeutic significance. The aim of this review is to consolidate the evidence-based information on papaya's functional activities, collected from online databases (Scopus, Dimensions, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science) up to December 2020. A considerable literature is available detailing biomedical uses of different papaya plant parts which made papaya a treasured nutraceutical plant. Papaya plant possesses valuable phytochemicals such as phytosterols, tocopherols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and carotenoids. These compounds with interesting nutraceutical properties play key roles in ameliorating and treating some medical conditions such as inflammation, hyperglycemia, fertility-related complications, hypertension and possess anticarcinogenic activities. However, further studies are warranted to validate the dosage, mode of actions, and safety profile of papaya seeds, peels, and leaves when used as medicine.

Nutraceutical value of Carica papaya: A review

Solenostemon monostachyus is an important herb that is native to West and Central Africa. The leaves have been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes however the scientific basis for these effects is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities of S. monostachyus extract by assessing its hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability, hydroxyl radical scaveinging ability and ferric ion reducing ability. Other activities assessed are the ability of the extract to reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation. The results showed that the extract possessed significant abilities to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals, and also significant ability to reduce ferric ions. The extract also possessed significant abilities to reduce lipid peroxidation and haemolysis in erythrocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide when compared with the ability of ascorbic acid to do the same. This is ascribed to the possession of antioxidant phytochemicals which acted in synergy, thus the plant could be exploited for pharmacological and neutraceutical purposes.

	 

	Key words: Solenostemon monostachyus, antioxidant, free radical, haemolysis, phytochemical.

https://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380791981_Okoko and Ere.pdf

Antioxidant activities of Solenostemon monostachyus leaf extract using in vitro methods

Some bioactive potentials of two biflavanols isolated from Garcinia kola on cadmium-induced alterations of raw U937 cells and U937-derived macrophages

Instrumental techniques are preferred over bioassay methods for antibiotic quantification mainly due to speed and ability to quantify metabolites in biological samples; however, the potency and biological activity of these drugs cannot be assessed. Two methods - agar well diffusion (bio-assay) and spectrophotometric methods were used to evaluate amikacin sulfate injection. Agar plates were inoculated with S. aureus inoculum; zones of inhibition from its susceptibility to amikacin were obtained, while spectrophotometric absorption at 650 nm of ninhydrin- derivatized amikacin in phosphate buffer (pH 8) was measured. Methods performance showed linearity from 1 - 16 μgmL-1 (bioassay, r = 0.9994) and 10-50 μgmL-1 (spectrophotometric, r = 0.9998). Molar absorptivity was 2.595 x 104 Lmol-1cm-1. Limits of detection and quantification were 1.07 and 3.24 μgmL-1 respectively for bioassay method, while corresponding values for spectrophotometric method were 0.98 and 2.97 μg mL-1. Relative standard deviations were ≤ 2.0% for both methods, with recoveries from 95.93 - 100.25%. Amikacin in brands ranged from 97.53 ± 2.68 to 100.84 ± 1.82%, student’s t-test was ≤ 2.78 (n = 4) with respect to label claim for both methods. Experimental paired t-test (t = 2.07; n = 4) and F-test (F = 3.94; n = 4) values indicated no significant difference between both methods, hence comparable and can jointly be used in quality control assessment of antibiotics. 

Comparative application of biological and ninhydrin- derivatized spectrophotometric assays in the evaluation and validation of amikacin sulfate injection

Objective: Costus afer is a perennial monocot consumed as a remedy for various ailments. The present study investigates the effect of Costus afer stem extract on ferrous/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain, liver and kidney homogenates. The inherent antioxidant and free radical scavenging potentials of the extract were also assessed using various in-vitro models.
Methods: Homogenates of isolated tissues were prepared and lipid peroxidation was induced using the ferrous/ascorbate system and subsequently incubated with various concentrations of the extract. The ability of the methanolic extract to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide and its ability to reduce ferric ions were investigated. The total antioxidant potential via the phosphomolybdate method was also measured.
Results: The results revealed that Costus afer stem extract reduced tissue lipid peroxidation induced by ferrous/ascorbate. The extract also possessed significant antioxidant/free radical scavenging activity via the other in vitro models. In all cases, the effects were concentration-dependent.
Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Costus afer stem possessed significant antioxidant potential ascribable to important phytochemicals and could protect cells/tissues from reactive oxygen species-induced damage. Thus the plant has high pharmacological and ethnobotanical prospects.

/pdf/assessment-of-the-in-vitro-anti-lipid-peroxidative-activity-5wqn9f6nwk.pdf

Assessment of the in vitro anti-lipid peroxidative activity of Costus afer stem extract

Hibiscus sabdariffa extractivities on cadmium—mediated alterations of human U937 cell viability and activation

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