Despite a steady decline in fossil resources in past few decades, demand for petroleum-based chemicals and polymers has increased sharply. As the dead end of the petroleum industry has begun to emerge, mankind must immediately seek for alternative energy and other biopolymer resources. Hemicellulose being an abundant component of lignocellulosic biomass, may serve as a promising alternative for replacing dwindling fossil resources with many important fuels and biopolymers such as furfural, HMF, etc. Utilization of hemicellulose in the present review is divided into two sections; in the first section, products manufactured in the industry by direct modification of hemicellulose either by attaching different functional groups or other polymers are discussed, while in the second section, products or polymers produced by hemicellulose degradation are discussed along with their use. Modifying hemicellulose with different functional groups enhances their reactivity and has extensive utilization in medicine, food, packaging, and many other industries. Likewise, downstream compounds derived from hemicellulose degradation can be used as fuel additives, plastics, etc. Xylose is the main sugar derived from xylan and is utilized in almost all products discussed in this review. Metabolic engineering assisted conversion of xylose is booming the hemicellulose utilization in the biobased industry. Further improvement in microbes and synthesis pathways, coupled with the advent of new technologies would lead to extensive use of hemicellulose in biofuel and biopolymer industries. The present review paper presents the current research about hemicellulose utilization and thus encourages in-depth studies in this area.

Cell wall hemicellulose for sustainable industrial utilization

Alginate derived functional oligosaccharides: Recent developments, barriers, and future outlooks

In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4054/pdf

Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health-A Current Perspective.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics added to dairy products: Uses and applications to manage type 2 diabetes.

The gut microbiota in the human body is an important component that plays a pivotal role in the ability of the host to prevent diseases and recover from these diseases. If the human microbiome changes for any reason, it affects the overall functioning of the host. Healthy and vigorous gut microbiota require dietary fiber supplementation. Recently, oligosaccharides have been found to play a significant role in the modulation of microbiota. Several such oligosaccharides, i.e., xylooligosaccharides (XOS), mannooligosaccharides (MOS), and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS), are derived from hemicellulosic macromolecules such as xylan, mannan, and arabino-xylan, respectively. These oligosaccharides serve as substrates for the probiotic production of health-promoting substances (short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids etc.), which confer a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of some dreaded diseases. Among hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs), XOS have been largely explored, whereas, studies on MOS and AXOS are currently underway. HDOs, upon ingestion, help reduce morbidities by lowering populations of harmful or pathogenic bacteria. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly utilized for the uptake of oligosaccharides in probiotics. Butyrate generated by the selective fermentation of oligosaccharides, along with other short-chain fatty acids, reduces gut inflammation. Overall, oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses show a similar potential as conventional prebiotics and can be supplemented as functional foods. This review summarizes the role of HDOs in the alleviation of autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), diabetes, urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the modulation of the gut microbiota. The mechanism of oligosaccharide utilization and disease mitigation is also explained.

/pdf/hemicellulose-derived-oligosaccharides-emerging-prebiotics-ji5kz0nr46.pdf

Hemicellulose-Derived Oligosaccharides: Emerging Prebiotics in Disease Alleviation.

Functional oligosaccharides, particularly konjac mannan oligosaccharides (KMOS), can regulate glucose metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic effect of KMOS remain largely unknown. Here, the effect of KMOS supplementation on glucose homeostasis was evaluated in both high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice and high-glucosamine-induced HepG2 cells. KMOS supplementation remarkably ameliorated the fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance of HFD-fed mice. Abnormalities of triglyceride and glycogen metabolism in the liver induced by the HFD were reversed by KMOS supplementation. The insulin signaling pathway was activated by KMOS, with stimulation of GLUT2 membrane translocation and glucose uptake in HepG2 cells via the AMPK pathway. Moreover, KMOS suppressed p-mTOR expression and stimulated the GSK-3β/CREB pathway via the AMPK pathway. KMOS significantly upregulated leptin receptor expression and downregulated PTP1B and SOCS3 levels in the liver and brain, with a decreased serum leptin concentration. Phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in the liver was activated by KMOS supplementation, while the expressions of Sirt1, Tfam, and Pgc1-α in the brain were elevated. Conclusively, KMOS attenuated HFD-induced glucose metabolism dysfunction through the regulation of insulin resistance and leptin resistance. This finding indicates that KMOS have potential value as an anti-hyperglycemic dietary supplement.

Effect of Konjac Mannan Oligosaccharides on Glucose Homeostasis via the Improvement of Insulin and Leptin Resistance In Vitro and In Vivo

Diabetes significantly affects the life quality and length of patients with diabetes, and almost half of the 4 million people who die from diabetes are under the age of 60. Because of the increasin...

Can functional oligosaccharides reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus

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Effect of Konjac Mannan Oligosaccharides on Glucose Homeostasis via the Improvement of Insulin and Leptin Resistance In Vitro and In Vivo

Can functional oligosaccharides reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus