Package structures are provided having antenna-in-packages that are integrated with semiconductor RFIC (radio frequency integrated circuit) chips to form compact integrated radio/wireless communications systems that operate in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range with radiation in broadside and end-fire directions.

Antenna-in-package structures with broadside and end-fire radiations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113977

Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: Insights on structure, variants, vaccines, and biomedical interventions

One of the most important functions of radar remote sensing is to retrieve the soil moisture and surface parameters where surface parameters generally includes soil surface roughness and texture of soil (i.e.,% of coarse sand,silt and clay). Variation of soil moisture and surface parameters changes the soil permittivity, and affects the observation of the radar wave scattering (σ 0 ). How to invert the moisture and surface parameters from radar data has been one of the most interesting problems to be resolved. Still,very few reported work is available to retrieve the soil textures with radar data. Therefore,in present paper an attempt has been made to retrieve the soil textures with soil moisture and surface roughness from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. In this case number of variables are more and it is difficult to invert and retrieve the various parameters. To overcome this difficulty,an approach based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) with inclusion of empirical modeling has been proposed to retrieve the soil moisture,roughness and soil texture with ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing) SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data of Haridwar region of India. The retrieved surface parameters and moisture content with proposed approach show quite good agreement with observed values of soil moisture and surface parameters. This study infers that modeling with GA has great potential to retrieve several variables simultaneously with good results.

/pdf/an-efficient-modeling-with-ga-approach-to-retrieve-soil-1deyya2a4p.pdf

An Efficient Modeling with GA Approach to Retrieve Soil Texture, Moisture and Roughness from ERS-2 SAR Data

Microwave remote sensing is an important tool because it can penetrate into cloud independent of weather and it can acquire day or night time data. One of the important applications is the estimation of crop parameters and another main point of research is to know which crop parameter [i.e. plant height (PH), biomass (Bm) leaf area index (LAI) crop‐covered soil moisture (Sm)] is interacting more with microwave for radar remote sensing because these crop parameters regulate the crop health. For this purpose, an experiment using ground‐based X‐band scatterometer was carried out to understand the interaction mechanism and to retrieve the soybean parameters. In this paper, angular variation and polarization dependence on soybean crop have been observed at X‐band microwave frequency. It was found that soybean biomass is highly correlated with microwave frequency at X‐band than the other plant parameters. As the biomass increases in the soybean, the scattering coefficient increases for both polarizations (i.e. ...

Scatterometer performance with polarization discrimination ratio approach to retrieve crop soybean parameter at X‐band

The effects of an mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine on spermatozoa parameters are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine on human semen, comparing spermatozoa parameters before and after vaccine inoculation.

4BNT162b2 mRNA COVID‐19 vaccine and semen: What do we know?

The first quarter of the 21st century has remarkably been characterized by a multitude of challenges confronting human society as a whole in terms of several outbreaks of infectious viral diseases, such as the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), China; the 2009 influenza H1N1, Mexico; the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Saudi Arabia; and the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), China. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, reportedly broke out in December 2019, Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and continues unabated, leading to considerable devastation and death worldwide. The most common target organ of SARS-CoV-2 is the lungs, especially the bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in severe patients. Nevertheless, other tissues and organs are also known to be critically affected following infection, thereby complicating the overall aetiology and prognosis. Excluding H1N1, the SARS-CoV (also referred as SARS-CoV-1), MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 are collectively referred to as coronaviruses, and taxonomically placed under the realm Riboviria, order Nidovirales, suborder Cornidovirineae, family Coronaviridae, subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Sarbecovirus. As of 23 September 2021, the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has globally resulted in around 229 million and 4.7 million reported infections and deaths, respectively, apart from causing huge psychosomatic debilitation, academic loss, and deep economic recession. Such an unprecedented pandemic has compelled researchers, especially epidemiologists and immunologists, to search for SARS-CoV-2-associated potential immunogenic molecules to develop a vaccine as an immediate prophylactic measure. Amongst multiple structural and non-structural proteins, the homotrimeric spike (S) glycoprotein has been empirically found as the most suitable candidate for vaccine development owing to its immense immunogenic potential, which makes it capable of eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. As a consequence, it has become possible to design appropriate, safe, and effective vaccines, apart from related therapeutic agents, to reduce both morbidity and mortality. As of 23 September 2021, four vaccines, namely, Comirnaty, COVID-19 vaccine Janssen, Spikevax, and Vaxzevria, have received the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) approval, and around thirty are under the phase three clinical trial with emergency authorization by the vaccine-developing country-specific National Regulatory Authority (NRA). In addition, 100-150 vaccines are under various phases of pre-clinical and clinical trials. The mainstay of global vaccination is to introduce herd immunity, which would protect the majority of the population, including immunocompromised individuals, from infection and disease. Here, we primarily discuss category-wise vaccine development, their respective advantages and disadvantages, associated efficiency and potential safety aspects, antigenicity of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins and immune responses to them along with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 VOC, and the urgent need of achieving herd immunity to contain the pandemic.

Insights into COVID-19 Vaccine Development Based on Immunogenic Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2, Host Immune Responses, and Herd Immunity

Response of Microwave on Bare Soil Moisture and Surface Roughness by X-Band Scatterometer

This paper presents comparative performance analysis of quarter wave transformer-fed rectangular patch antenna for W-band (75 GHz to 110 GHz). The antenna has been designed to radiate at millimetre wave imaging frequency 94GHz. Two substrates with relative permittivity e r =2.2(Teflon) and e r = 11.7(Silicon) are used for comparison. The bulk micromachining concept has been investigated to reduce the effect of surface waves due to high permittivity substrates. The measured return loss is 38 dB at 94 GHz with a 10 dB bandwidth of 8.5% and maximum gain of 8.6dB for e r =2.2 substrate. For Micromachined Si substrate 10dB bandwidth of 12.8% and maximum gain of 7.25dB have been achieved. The respective E and H plane radiation patterns and the 3-D polar plots have been compared. The micromachined microstrip antenna provides an efficient solution to the integration of antenna to the MMIC for imaging applications.

Performance comparison of microstrip patch antenna for 94 GHz imaging applications

When radiation pattern of an antenna or scattering pattern of radar cross-section (RCS) is measured, its characteristics is usually evaluated in the far-field area. In this case, it is measured in the radio anechoic chamber to reduce unnecessary reflected wave and deviate from the condition of the far-field according to the size or the measuring frequency. On the other hand, it is well known method such as compact-range or the transformation processing method which transform pick-up data from the near-field to the far-field. This paper presents simple method and measurement results of this far-field transformation by using the idea of array-factor for prediction far-field from the near-field data of antenna and RCS in cylindrical scanning system.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6082084/6086911/06086956.pdf

Near-field to far-field transformation by using antenna array factor

The paper presents a novel hybrid configuration to obtain dual band operation at millimeter wave frequency in W band (75 GHz to 110 GHz). Dual band operation is achieved by introducing a slot in the main patch, which is coupled to the parasitic patches along non-radiating edges through gap coupling. The antenna resonates at two frequencies, viz., 85 GHz and 94 GHz with fractional bandwidths of 8% and 1.8%, respectively. The simulated gains at two frequencies are 8.28 dB and 8.89 dB, respectively. A scaled prototype of the proposed dual band millimeter wave antenna has been fabricated. Comparison of measured and simulated results has been done in terms of return loss and far field measurements.

Concurrent 85GHz/94GHz slotted gap coupled parasitic microstrip antenna for millimeter wave applications

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