http://www.un-spider.org/sites/default/files/Stumpf%20and%20Kerle%202011.pdf

Object-oriented mapping of landslides using Random Forests

The 2000 Yigong landslide was one of the most catastrophic landslides worldwide, resulting in huge casualties and property losses. The dynamic process of the Yigong landslide was very complicated, especially for the initiation and entrainment mechanism during the landslide movement process. The topography, geological condition, traces left by the landslide, and distribution characteristics of the landslide deposits were determined by field investigations, combined with several years of monitoring the temperature and rainfall data in this region. The initiation mechanism of the Yigong landslide is presented. The main reasons for the landslide initiation are as follows: the strength reduction of rock masses (especially for the weak structural surface), the impact from years of freeze-thaw cycles, the superposition of glacier melting and heavy rainfall on the slope, and a slope that was almost at the limit state before the landslide. Laboratory tests and physical modeling experiments were carried out to study the entrainment process of this landslide. Combined with the topographic survey data and theoretical analyses, the entrainment mechanism during the movement process of the Yigong landslide is presented. The old landslide deposits on the lower slope collided with and were scraped by the high-speed debris avalanche, which resulted in the volume amplification of the landslide. The existence of water plays a key role during the landslide initiation and movement processes.

Comprehensive analyses of the initiation and entrainment processes of the 2000 Yigong catastrophic landslide in Tibet, China

Dynamic process analysis for the initiation and movement of the Donghekou landslide-debris flow triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper presents a numerical approach to the simulation of fluid–solid coupling during the failure of a fractured coal–rock mass taking into consideration the regional geostress characteristics. We use the back calculation method to calculate the regional geostress of the study area, and we verify the accuracy of the back calculation method based on the in situ monitoring data. The values of the vertical stress and the minimum principal horizontal stress used in the numerical simulation are 7.057 and 8.085 MPa, respectively. In addition, the maximum principal horizontal stress has a local undulation that is affected by excavation disturbance. With a newly developed mechanical experimental system for digital radiography scanning, the temporal–spatial evolution of the fracture field is also revealed. The main fractures continue to propagate with increased external loading, and the spatial form of the fracture fields is a conjugate pattern and an X-shaped pattern. Based on the COMSOL Multiphysics program, the results indicate that the primary reason for crack propagation and connection is increased external loading, which leads to macroscopic fracturing of the coal–rock mass and incremental changes in the average porosity and permeability. The flow within the maximum velocity region represents the distribution characteristics of the induced cracks. The peak flow velocity is located at the main fracture, and its direction is parallel to that of the water injection pressure. Smaller fractures have a larger hydraulic gradient and larger flow velocities than larger fractures. The water outlet velocity characteristics indicate that the maximum flow velocity in the water outlet is located on the two sides of the model and increases with increasing external loading. All the fluid–solid coupling mechanisms would provide a reliable theoretical basis for optimization of mined-void roof weakening in mining the steeply inclined coal seam.

Numerical Simulation of the Fluid–Solid Coupling Process During the Failure of a Fractured Coal–Rock Mass Based on the Regional Geostress

The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred on 12 May 2008, triggered many rock avalanches that presented abundant fractured surface textures. The surface textures of the rock avalanche clasts bear abu...

Surface microscopic examination of quartz grains from rock avalanche basal facies

The great Wenchuan (汶川) earthquake induced a large quantity of landslides. They are widely distributed and caused tremendous damages. The sliding mechanism and characteristics of these earthquake-induced landslides are different from those of conventional gravity landslides. Their occurrences are apparently controlled by the powerful earthquake, and they are characterized by high potential energy sliding and ejection sliding. In this article, the earthquake-induced landslides are classified, the characteristics of the sliding and destruction of these landslides are described, and the relationship between the earthquake and the landslides is analyzed. The Donghekou (东河口) landslide is used as an example to characterize fast-moving long-distance earthquake-induced ejection slippage and landslide. This research suggests that many phenomena and issues related to earthquake-induced landslide are beyond current recognition and knowledge, and new methodologies should be adopted to consider the effect of the earthquake as the paramount factor in the development of landslides. Furthermore, the study of fast-moving long-distance earthquake-induced landslides can also shed light on the formation of old and ancient landslides.

Characteristics of landslides induced by the great Wenchuan earthquake

The mechanism of deep material transport and seismogenic environment of the Xiaojiang fault system revealed by 3-D magnetotelluric study

The Beiya gold polymetallic ore deposit is one of the largest gold deposit in the world. Previous studies have suggested the formation of the Beiya deposit is closely related to the porphyritic alkaline intrusions. Different tectonic models have been proposed by geologists to explain the alkaline intrusions. However, no consensus has been reached and data for imaging of the deep crustal structure is lacking. In this study, we use magnetotelluric data to image the 3‐D crustal structure beneath the Beiya deposit and adjacent areas. The 3‐D electrical resistivity model is characterized by two conductors and three resistors, which depicts the magmatic system and fluids migration path related to the Beiya deposit. One shallow conductor beneath the Beiya deposit is suggested to represent a cooled magma chamber, which provided essential heat and metal‐rich fluids to the Beiya deposit. The shallow conductor is connected to a deep conductor located beneath the Ailaoshan‐Red River shear zone. Thus, magmas originated from mantle upwelling in an extensional tectonic background is believed to provide the heat that melted the crust and generated intermediate melts, the Ailaoshan‐Red River shear zone is proposed to facilitate ascending of partial melts from the base of the crust. Moreover, two resistors encircles the shallow conductor at upper crustal depths could have acted as an impermeable barrier that helped further subtraction of metal‐rich fluids. The Beiya gold polymetallic deposit is believed to be a typical porphyry‐skarn deposit formed closely related to the Ailaoshan‐Red River shear zone in an extensional tectonic setting.

The Influence of the Ailaoshan‐Red River Shear Zone on the Mineralization of the Beiya Deposit on the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Revealed by a 3‐D Magnetotelluric Survey

Three-Dimensional Electrical Structure and Seismogenic Environment of the Crust–Mantle in the Lushan Earthquake Region, China

Crustal electrical structure across the Tangra-Yumco tectonic belt revealed by magnetotelluric data: new insights on the east–west extension mechanism of the Tibetan plateau

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