Background Food-derived natural polysaccharides are attracting increasing attention in fields of food and healthy product, and the purification of polysaccharide is indispensable for the study. Currently, purification process mostly focuses on crude polysaccharide, while the importance of polysaccharide purification in the processes of raw material and polysaccharide extraction are easily ignored. Scope and approach This review aims to develop an understanding and practical suggestions on polysaccharide purification. Numerous methods on polysaccharide purification were summarized, and their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed. Finally, current challenges and perspectives on polysaccharide purification were pointed out. Key findings and conclusions Polysaccharide purification should be emphasized and performed based on three consecutive and progressive stages: polysaccharide in raw material, polysaccharide in crude extract and the crude polysaccharide. Besides, the purification of crude polysaccharide comprises the enrichment of polysaccharide and isolation of fractions having different structural or conformational characteristics. However, how to prepare polysaccharide with high purity in large scale and simultaneously preserving its native structure and bioactivity, remains a demanding and important task for future work.

Consecutive and progressive purification of food-derived natural polysaccharide: Based on material, extraction process and crude polysaccharide

Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has a long history of functional food use for immunological disorder, colitis, cancer, and so on. This study aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of American ginseng's immunomodulatory effect in CTX-induced mice. In this study, all groups of American ginseng (American ginseng polysaccharide [AGP], American ginseng ginsenoside [AGG], co-treated with American ginseng polysaccharide and ginsenoside [AGP_AGG]) have relieve the immune disorder by reversing the lymphocyte subsets ratio in spleen and peripheral blood, as well as stimulating CD4+T cells and IgA-secreting cells in small intestine. These three treatment groups, especially AGP_AGG co-treated group recovered the intestine morphology that up-regulated villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio, areas of mucins expression, quantity of goblet cells, and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin). Importantly, the microbiome-metabolomics analysis was applied in this study to illustrate the possible immuno-modulating mechanism. The synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides (AGP_AGG group) restored the gut microbiota composition and increased various beneficial mucosa-associated bacterial taxa Clostridiales, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae, while decreased harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Peptococcaceae. Also, AGP_AGG group altered various fecal metabolites such as uric acid, xanthurenic acid, acylcarnitine, 9,10-DHOME, 13-HDoHE, LysoPE15:0, LysoPC 16:0, LysoPI 18:0, and so on, that associated with immunometabolism or protective effect of gut barrier. These results suggest AG, particularly co-treated of polysaccharide and ginsenoside may be used as immunostimulants targeting microbiome-metabolomics axis to prevent CTX-induced side effects in cancer patients.

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The Synergistic Effects of Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides From American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Ameliorating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Immune Disorders and Gut Barrier Dysfunctions Based on Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis.

Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Ganoderma leucocontextum fruiting bodies

Polysaccharides-based bio-nanostructures and their potential food applications

A review of the immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Panax species

Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng) cell suspension culture as a source of bioactive polysaccharides: Immunostimulatory activity and characterization of a neutral polysaccharide AGC1

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Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng) cell suspension culture as a source of bioactive polysaccharides: Immunostimulatory activity and characterization of a neutral polysaccharide AGC1