Using a sample of control cross-border acquisitions from 61 countries from 1990 to 2007, we find that acquirers from countries with better governance gain more from such acquisitions and their gains are higher when targets are from countries with worse governance. Other acquirer country characteristics are not consistently related to acquisition gains. For instance, the anti-self-dealing index of the acquirer has opposite associations with acquirer returns depending on whether the acquisition of a public firm is paid for with cash or equity. Strikingly, global effects in acquisition returns are at least as important as acquirer country effects. First, the acquirer's industry and the year of the acquisition explain more of the stock-price reaction than the country of the acquirer. Second, for acquisitions of private firms or subsidiaries, acquirers gain more when acquisition returns are high for acquirers from other countries. We find strong evidence that better alignment of interests between insiders and minority shareholders is associated with greater acquirer returns and weaker evidence that this effect mitigates the adverse impact of poor country governance.

Why Are U.S. Stocks More Volatile

This paper examines the link between risk and institutional quality, an unresolved issue in finance. Our hypothesis is that institutions affect risk through extreme events and not through volatility. We focus on relative tail risk with an original approach that is able to estimate historical tail risk with greater precision. Using international stock market data, we show that tail risk is stable over time, unlike volatility. We find that tail risk captures the relation between risk and institutional quality better than volatility. Better governance substantially reduces the probability of extreme events.

Is tail risk the missing link between institutions and risk

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Is tail risk the missing link between institutions and risk