This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs and requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, assesses the impact of disinformation and strategic political propaganda disseminated through online social media sites. It examines effects on the functioning of the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights in the EU and its Member States. 
 
The study formulates recommendations on how to tackle this threat to human rights, democracy and the rule of law. It specifically addresses the role of social media platform providers in this regard.

/pdf/disinformation-and-propaganda-impact-on-the-functioning-of-wdp01w8ha7.pdf

Disinformation and Propaganda – Impact on the Functioning of the Rule of Law in the EU and its Member States

With eye tracking being increasingly integrated into virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) head-mounted displays, preserving users' privacy is an ever more important, yet under-explored, topic in the eye tracking community. We report a large-scale online survey (N=124) on privacy aspects of eye tracking that provides the first comprehensive account of with whom, for which services, and to what extent users are willing to share their gaze data. Using these insights, we design a privacy-aware VR interface that uses differential privacy, which we evaluate on a new 20-participant dataset for two privacy sensitive tasks: We show that our method can prevent user re-identification and protect gender information while maintaining high performance for gaze-based document type classification. Our results highlight the privacy challenges particular to gaze data and demonstrate that differential privacy is a potential means to address them. Thus, this paper lays important foundations for future research on privacy-aware gaze interfaces.

Privacy-aware eye tracking using differential privacy

Abstract Eye tracking is becoming increasingly available in head-mounted virtual reality displays with various headsets with integrated eye trackers already commercially available. The applications of eye tracking in virtual reality are highly diversified and span multiple disciplines. As a result, the number of peer-reviewed publications that study eye tracking applications has surged in recent years. We performed a broad review to comprehensively search academic literature databases with the aim of assessing the extent of published research dealing with applications of eye tracking in virtual reality, and highlighting challenges, limitations and areas for future research. 

/pdf/eye-tracking-in-virtual-reality-a-broad-review-of-25j05hoz.pdf

Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality: a Broad Review of Applications and Challenges

Understanding how and why users reveal information about their self in online social spaces and what they perceive as privacy online is a central research agenda in HCI. Drawing on 30 in-depth interviews, in this paper we focus on what type of information users disclose, to whom they reveal information, and concerns they had regarding self-disclosure in social Virtual Reality (VR) - where multiple users can interact with one another through VR head-mounted displays in 3D virtual spaces. Our findings show that overall, users felt comfortable to disclose their emotions, personal experience, and personal information in social VR. However, they also acknowledged that disclosing personal information in social VR was an inevitable trade-off: giving up bio-metric information in order to better use the system. We contribute to existing literature on self-disclosure and privacy online by focusing on social VR as an emerging novel online social space. We also explicate implications for designing and developing future social VR applications.

Anonymity vs. Familiarity: Self-Disclosure and Privacy in Social Virtual Reality

Privacy-Aware Eye Tracking Using Differential Privacy.

Virtual reality (VR) technology aims to transport the user to a virtual world, fully immersing them in an experience entirely separate from the real world. VR devices can use sensor data to draw deeply personal inferences (e.g., medical conditions, emotions) and can enable virtual crimes (e.g., theft, assault on virtual representations of the user) from which users have been shown to experience real, significant emotional pain. As such, VR may involve especially sensitive user data and interactions. To effectively mitigate such risks and design for safer experiences, we aim to understand end-user perceptions of VR risks and how, if at all, developers are considering and addressing those risks. In this paper, we present the first work on VR security and privacy perceptions: a mixed-methods study involving semi-structured interviews with 20 VR users and developers, a survey of VR privacy policies, and an ethics co-design study with VR developers. We establish a foundational understanding of perceived risks in VR; raise concerns about the state of VR privacy policies; and contribute a concrete VR developer "code of ethics", created by developers, for developers.

/pdf/ethics-emerging-the-story-of-privacy-and-security-54z6s6cexq.pdf

Ethics emerging: the story of privacy and security perceptions in virtual reality

Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging technology, projected to grow into a $100B industry in the next five years. While a preliminary body of research has begun to explore security vulnerabilities and privacy threats in VR, little prior work has explored how users perceive these threats. By understanding users’ perceptions early in the VR adoption lifecycle, we have a unique opportunity to inform the development of policies, educational materials, and corporate best-practices to help ensure the protection of VR users. In this poster, we present preliminary findings from a series of semi-structured interviews with VR users to understand their use of VR, their awareness of the data collected by these systems, and their privacy and security concerns.

Perceptions of the Privacy and Security of Virtual Reality

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Ethics emerging: the story of privacy and security perceptions in virtual reality

Perceptions of the Privacy and Security of Virtual Reality