Cracks on the concrete surface are one of the earliest indications of degradation of the structure which is critical for the maintenance as well the continuous exposure will lead to the severe damage to the environment. Manual inspection is the acclaimed method for the crack inspection. In the manual inspection, the sketch of the crack is prepared manually, and the conditions of the irregularities are noted. Since the manual approach completely depends on the specialist’s knowledge and experience, it lacks objectivity in the quantitative analysis. So, automatic image-based crack detection is proposed as a replacement. Literature presents different techniques to automatically identify the crack and its depth using image processing techniques. In this research, a detailed survey is conducted to identify the research challenges and the achievements till in this field. Accordingly, 50 research papers are taken related to crack detection, and those research papers are reviewed. Based on the review, analysis is provided based on the image processing techniques, objectives, accuracy level, error level, and the image data sets. Finally, we present the various research issues which can be useful for the researchers to accomplish further research on the crack detection.

Crack detection using image processing: A critical review and analysis

The Mechanical Design Process

The increasing use of lean production (LP) by companies from several sectors has substantially increased the amount of publications and different emphases on the subject, which amplifies the need for organisation of that knowledge. This article aims to identify the research areas on LP implementation and to propose research opportunities. The literature review was based on 102 studies published in the years between 1996 and 2012. The studies were divided into six research areas, named: (a) structure and scope of LP systems; (b) factors that influence in the LP implementation; (c) methods for implementing LP systems; (d) LP assessment methods; (e) results of implementing LP systems; and (f) adaptation of LP to particular sectors. The findings suggested that the substantial increase on the amount of publications on LP implementation has created fragmented and dissociated areas that would benefit from integration.

Implementing lean production systems: research areas and opportunities for future studies

Analytical dynamics. L. A. Pars

From a wide range of bibliography (148 publications composed by books, guidelines, scientific papers, and other documents), the study presents a critical review of the use of the infrared thermography (IRT) survey in the building energy audit. After explaining its historical growth, the applicability of passive and active approaches has been described, considering well-established and emerging techniques, general procedures, types of IR-camera used, technical issues, and limitations. The passive approach is the most common to detect thermally significant defects. Thus, a specific procedure for the energy audit has been reported, matching different standards, guidelines, and professional advice. Similarly, recurring energy related problems are toughly presented (i.e. thermal characterization of buildings; thermal bridging, insulation level, air leakage and moisture detection; indoor temperature and U-value measurements; human comfort assessment). Finally, advantages and potential sources of errors as well as future trends in the use of IRT for the energy audit have been described. The research aims to serve as a reference for energy auditors and thermographers, to decide upon the best procedure for detecting specific energy defects.

Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings: A review

This text by Shetty and Kolk, blends the pertinent aspects of mechatronics--system modeling, simulation, sensors, actuation, real-time computer interfacing, and control--into a single unified result suitable for use in the college-level mechatronic curriculum. Students are introduced to all the topics needed to develop a good understanding of the basic principles used in mechatronics technology through the use of examples, problems and case studies, all of which can be quickly and affordably assembled and investigated in laboratory settings. Core aspects are combined with practical industrial applications and are presented in an opitimal way for understanding. The book features extensive coverage of the modeling and simulation of physical systems made possible by block-diagrams, the modified analogy approach to modeling, and state-of-the-art visual simulation software. A collection of case studies drawn from a variety of industries (complete with parts, lists, setup, and instructions) are used to support the authors' applied, design-oriented approach. Readers of this text will be equipped with all the tools necessary to plan, test, and implement a well-designed mechatronic system.

Mechatronics system design

An ambulatory suspension system for gait rehabilitation has a parallel pair of rails bordering the sides of a training area and a bridge extending between and movable along the rails. A trolley is movable along the bridge and includes a motor driven hoist with a cable extending thereabout and depending from the trolley. The hoist is operable to vary the length of the cable depending from the trolley, and a harness is suspended by the cable. Motors move the bridge along the rails and the trolley along the bridge as the sensors sense the direction of movement of the patient in X and Y directions. The falling motion of a patient supported in the harness is sensed and will immediately disable the system. A computer control receives signals from the sensors and operates the motors so that the patient is held in an upright position.

Ambulatory suspension and rehabilitation apparatus

Purpose – This research was conducted to study benefits of a concept, known as lean manufacturing, which elicits organizations to do more with less effort, time, space, and equipment by eliminating waste. Because lean implementation involves finances, dedication, and cultural change in business, there is a need to assess a company's lean initiative.Design/methodology/approach – A comprehensive lean assessment tool is designed targeted for use by manufacturing companies. Research of lean principles and practices was conducted through lean organizations, trade publications, manufacturing web sites, professional articles, textbooks, lean exhibitions, and non‐profit lean organizations.Findings – This led to the development of a lean survey questionnaire delivered to 143 lean companies and lean consultants for authentic input. Based on the response, survey participation met a goal of 95 percent accuracy with 15 percent error. Completed surveys were compiled and analyzed for fundamental practices of lean organi...

Survey‐based spreadsheet model on lean implementation

A non-contact visual system for analyzing surface roughness directs onto the surface of a workpiece a laser beam which is reflected from the surface with a diffraction pattern. The image of the reflected diffraction pattern is captured on a mirror and reflected onto a display screen, and this displayed image is converted into analog signals which, in turn, are converted into digital data. The intensity of the captured image is determined from the digital data, and the data on the determined intensity of the captured image are compared with data on intensity from calibrated standards of surface roughness. From this comparison, the surface roughness of the workpiece is determined. The preferred technique uses a rasterizing graphics adapter for converting the output of a video camera into the digital signals and only pixels above a predetermined brightness value are utilized.

Method and apparatus for surface roughness measurement using laser diffraction pattern

Application of a He3Ne infrared laser source for detection of geometrical dimensions of cracks and scratches on finished surfaces of metals

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