The energy transition challenges faced by modern civilization have significantly enhanced the demand for critical metals like lithium resulting in improved methods to explore, extract, and utilize these metals. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the different types of lithium resources, factors, and mechanisms controlling lithium enrichment in various geological settings including terrestrial and marine environments. Diverse exploration strategies including geological, geophysical, mineralogical, geochemical, and remote sensing techniques including drone-based techniques for lithium exploration studies in different terranes are summarized. An overview of the mining techniques, including beneficiation and extraction, and their principles, mechanisms, operations, and comparison of the various approaches and compatibility with different types of lithium deposits for obtaining maximum yield are evaluated. Lithium isotopic studies are useful in understanding geological processes such as past weathering events and riverine input into the oceans, as well as in understanding the source of lithium in diverse types of deposits. We also highlight the recent developments in other areas such as recycling, environmental impact, and state-of-the-art analytical techniques for determining lithium in different lithium ore deposits and other geological materials. Our overview provides the latest developments and insights in the various sectors related to lithium and prompt further developments to meet the growing demand for this valuable metal as the world transforms to clean energy. 

Lithium: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, extraction, rercycling, analysis, and environmental impact

Eskişehir kuzeyindeki Sarıcakaya Granitoidindeki pegmatitlerin ana mineralojik bileşeni plajiyoklaz, ortoklaz, kuvars, biyotit, ±granat, ±muskovit, ±epidot’tur. Konfokal raman spektroskopi çalışmalarında plajiyoklaz minerallerinin albit-oligoklaz, granatların ise çoğunlukla spessartin bileşimde oldukları görülmektedir. Endüstriyel hammadde olarak kullanılabilme potansiyeline sahip pegmatitler ana kaya ile keskin dokanaklı olup, serizitleşme ve killeşme gösterirler. 
Pegmatitlerin A/NK (mol%) oranı 0.96-1,79 (ortalama 1,32), A/CNK (mol%) oranları 0.82-1.55 (ortalama:1,07) arasında değişmekte olup metalümin-peralümin karakteri yansıtmaktadır. Zirkon ve apatit doygunluk sıcaklıkları pegmatitleri oluşturan magmanın ortalama sıcaklığının 678,7-766,7°C aralığında değiştiğini göstermektedir. ORG’ye göre normalize edilen örümcek diyagramlarda kabuksal kirlenmenin etkilerinin gözlendiği pegmatitlerin, Sarıcakaya granitoidini oluşturan magmanın pegmatitik-pnömatolitik evredeki kristallenen magmatik birimleri olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Sarıcakaya (Eskişehir) Granitoyidindeki Pegmatitlerin Kökeni ve Endüstriyel Hammadde Potansiyeli

Lithium: potential and possibilities in the pegmatite belts of India – global perspectives and exploration strategies

Lithium Potential of the Indian Granitic Pegmatites

Tin in India

Lepidolite pegmatite occurs as intrusive within biotite gneiss and amphibolite of Assam Meghalaya Gneissic Complex (AMGC) or Precambrian Gneissic Complex in the Dhubri district, Assam. AMGC is the north western extension of the Proterozoic rocks of Meghalaya Plateau or Shillong plateau. In the field it occurs as small to large veins and scattered boulders. Lepidolite pegmatite is later intruded by non lepidolite pegmatite. Pegmatites are medium to coarse grained with quartz and K-feldspar. It also contains lepidolite, which occurs in the form of flakes and clusters varying from pink to purple in colour. Petrography of lepidolite pegmatite reveals lepidolite as major constituents with quartz, K-feldspar and muscovite as minor constituents. XRD analysis reveals lepidolite (muscovite) is major mineral phase with kaliophilite in minor amount. Geochemically, they are calc-alkaline to high calc-alkaline and per-aluminous in nature. On the basis of Alumina Saturation Index (ASI), these pegmatites resemble Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) family and compositional affinity with S-type granites of orogenic environments. Trace element compositions (Rb, Sr, Ba) indicate crystal fractionations, variable degrees of fractionation, highly evolved nature of pegmatite’s and strongly differentiated granites protoliths as source. The different tectonic discrimination diagrams indicate S-type and I-type melt for pegmatite derivations. Therefore, both the studied pegmatites could be an evolved variety of granitic rocks that originated from the same magma. The REE is relatively low to moderate.

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Petrological and Geochemical Studies of Lepidolite (LCT Type) and Non-Lepidolite Pegmatite’s from Chakrasila, Dhubri District, Assam, North East India

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Petrological and Geochemical Studies of Lepidolite (LCT Type) and Non-Lepidolite Pegmatite’s from Chakrasila, Dhubri District, Assam, North East India