The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges.

A CuO coated ceramic hollow fiber membrane with dual functionalities of membrane filtration and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was successfully constructed by applying phase-inversion and dip-coating technologies. The CuO coating condition was investigated, and the optimized CuO coated ceramic hollow fiber membranes (CuO@CHFMs) exhibited excellent catalytic activity for PMS activation to depredate bisphenol A (BPA) in the presence of humic acid (HA), chloride ions (Cl−) and bicarbonate (HCO3−). Based on the scavenger experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analyses, the non-radical reactive oxygen species - singlet oxygen (1O2), rather than sulfate radicals (SO4•-) or hydroxyl radicals (•OH), was elucidated as the primary reactive species responsible for the oxidation of BPA in the system. The redox circles of Cu(II)/Cu(I) on the CuO surface of the CuO@CHFMs are mainly responsible for PMS activation and a possible degradation pathway of BPA was proposed. Moreover, the CuO@CHFMs exhibited excellent stability and reusability without tedious catalyst separation/recovery processes. This study is meaningful for the development of novel catalytic membrane with PMS activation functionality in water treatment.

Development of CuO coated ceramic hollow fiber membrane for peroxymonosulfate activation: a highly efficient singlet oxygen-dominated oxidation process for bisphenol a degradation

https://faculty.missouri.edu/~glaserr/3700s15/NOx_abatement.pdf

An overview of photocatalysis phenomena applied to NOx abatement.

Reclamation of used urban waters for irrigation purposes--a review of treatment technologies.

https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/17090809/Removal_of_microorganisms_and_their_chemical_metabolites_from_water_using_semiconductor_photocatalysis.pdf

Removal of microorganisms and their chemical metabolites from water using semiconductor photocatalysis

Disinfection of spring water and secondary treated municipal wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis

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Disinfection of spring water and secondary treated municipal wastewater by TiO2 photocatalysis