The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of green algae Chlorella sp. on wastewaters sampled from four different points of the treatment process flow of a local municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) and how well the algal growth removed nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and metal ions from the wastewaters. The four wastewaters were wastewater before primary settling (#1 wastewater), wastewater after primary settling (#2 wastewater), wastewater after activated sludge tank (#3 wastewater), and centrate (#4 wastewater), which is the wastewater generated in sludge centrifuge. The average specific growth rates in the exponential period were 0.412, 0.429, 0.343, and 0.948 day(-1) for wastewaters #1, #2, #3, and #4, respectively. The removal rates of NH4-N were 82.4%, 74.7%, and 78.3% for wastewaters #1, #2, and #4, respectively. For #3 wastewater, 62.5% of NO3-N, the major inorganic nitrogen form, was removed with 6.3-fold of NO2-N generated. From wastewaters #1, #2, and #4, 83.2%, 90.6%, and 85.6% phosphorus and 50.9%, 56.5%, and 83.0% COD were removed, respectively. Only 4.7% was removed in #3 wastewater and the COD in #3 wastewater increased slightly after algal growth, probably due to the excretion of small photosynthetic organic molecules by algae. Metal ions, especially Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn in centrate, were found to be removed very efficiently. The results of this study suggest that growing algae in nutrient-rich centrate offers a new option of applying algal process in MWTP to manage the nutrient load for the aeration tank to which the centrate is returned, serving the dual roles of nutrient reduction and valuable biofuel feedstock production.

/pdf/cultivation-of-green-algae-chlorella-sp-in-different-1unomqxaws.pdf

Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant.

Anaerobic digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae chlorella sp

Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation using anaerobic digested starch processing wastewater in an airlift circulation photobioreactor

A study, now in progress, of the phosphorus cycle in the sea off Plymouth required some knowledge of the amount of plants and of several ecological groups of animals. There were no existing data except for zooplankton and the larger net-caught phytoplankton.From information supplied by friends and colleagues, it was possible to make tentative estimates of the average biomass of other groups of animals occurring below unit area of the sea.

/pdf/on-the-production-of-living-matter-in-the-sea-off-plymouth-2h5titb2bn.pdf

On the production of living matter in the sea off Plymouth

Lucas (74-77) has reviewed the possible effects of organic metabolites from an evolutionary and an ecological point of view. He has drawn information from diverse spheres of biology to indicate that organic matter may act upon living organisms directly and indirectly, and affect the dynamics of integration within an ecosystem. It is well known that cells may liberate certain metabolites which influence other cells within or without the organism. These metabolites are evident in the form of hormones, growth stimulators, toxins, antibiotics, embryological organizers, agents of chemotaxis, and many other agents. The algae occupy the most basic level in the transfer of energy through natural aquatic systems. The distribution and occurrence of algae in both time and space are related to certain fundamental factors which may in general be divided into three categories: physical, chemical, biological. The chemical and biological factors are not so readily separated from each other as from the physical factors. These factors may be listed and subdivided in general as indicated in Table I. The activity of organic matter falls under both chemical and biological factors. It comprises only a small part of the total number of factors; nevertheless, its effects may be very significant when integrated to the whole. Two major questions may be asked regarding the role of organic matter. From where may the dissolved organic matter be derived and what is the evidence for its presence in natural bodies of water ? What may be its effects on living organisms and what is the evidence for these effects ? Dissolved organic matter may include a certain amount of organic debris, some eoUoidal substance, and truly dissolved organic matter. It is the truly dissolved organic matter that is of primary interest here. Its presence in natural bodies of water has been definitely established (18, 19, 39, 131).

Interrelations of dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton

In an attempt to elucidate the respiratory mechanism of the green alga, chlorella, several of the organic acids which are known to be intermediates in the aerobic path of carbohydrate metabolism in most animals and bacteria were supplied to chlorella cells. In a previous paper (9), the results of growth experiments were reported and there was some evidence of utilization of the acid intermediates for growth in the dark by chlorella. Since the organic acids supplied are assumed to enter the path of metabolism through the respiratory mechanism, the effects of the organic acids on the respiratory gas exchange {i.e., oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution) were investigated. The results of this investigation are reported here.

Respiration studies on chlorella. ii. influence of various organic acids on gas exchange.

/pdf/respiration-studies-on-chlorella-i-growth-experiments-with-4pb8etl0lm.pdf

Respiration studies on chlorella. i. growth experiments with acid intermediates.

Glycine..................................................... + Alanine..................................................... +++ Valine..................................................... + Leucine and ........................................................ + IsOleucine Serine ....................................................... . + Tyrosine .......................................................... + Proline..................................................... + Aspartic acid..................................................... ++ Glutamic acid..................................................... +++++ Glutamine..................................................... + Asparagine..................................................... + j3-Alanine........................................................... +

Amino acids in healthy chlorella cells.

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Respiration studies on chlorella. ii. influence of various organic acids on gas exchange.

Respiration studies on chlorella. i. growth experiments with acid intermediates.

Amino acids in healthy chlorella cells.