Metal oxides are the key ingredients for the development of many advanced functional materials and smart devices. Nanostructuring has emerged as one of the best tools to unlock their full potential. Tungsten oxides (WOx) are unique materials that have been rigorously studied for their chromism, photocatalysis, and sensing capabilities. However, they exhibit further important properties and functionalities that have received relatively little attention in the past. This Feature Article presents a general review of nanostructured WOx, their properties, methods of synthesis, and a description of how they can be used in unique ways for different applications. Tungsten oxides (WOx) are unique functional materials that can be obtained in a vast variety of nanostructured forms. This Feature Article presents a comprehensive review on the properties of WOx that goes beyond chromism and photocatalysis, for which they are usually investigated for. This is followed by a survey of their synthesis methods and implementations for different applications.

Nanostructured Tungsten Oxide – Properties, Synthesis, and Applications

Electrochromics for smart windows: Oxide-based thin films and devices

Perspectives on oblique angle deposition of thin films: From fundamentals to devices

In this work, we report an ultrasensitive hydrogen (H2) sensor based on tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorods decorated with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles. WO3 nanorods were fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering with a glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique, and decorations of Pt nanoparticles were performed by normal dc sputtering on WO3 nanorods with varying deposition time from 2.5 to 15 s. Crystal structures, morphologies, and chemical information on Pt-decorated WO3 nanorods were characterized by grazing-incident X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The effect of the Pt nanoparticles on the H2-sensing performance of WO3 nanorods was investigated over a low concentration range of 150–3000 ppm of H2 at 150–350 °C working temperatures. The results showed that the H2 response greatly increased with increasing Pt-deposition time up to 10 s but then substantially deteriorated as the deposition time i...

Ultrasensitive hydrogen sensor based on Pt-decorated WO₃ nanorods prepared by glancing-angle dc magnetron sputtering.

https://homepages.rpi.edu/~galld/publications/PDF-files/Gall-97.pdf

Structure zone model for extreme shadowing conditions

Nanostructured tungsten and tungsten trioxide films prepared by glancing angle deposition

Thin films of tin (Sn), aluminum (Al), gold (Au), ruthenium (Ru), tungsten (W), ruthenium dioxide (RuO2), tin dioxide (SnO2), and tungsten trioxide (WO3) were grown by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) to determine the nanostructuring temperature threshold, ΘT, above which adatom surface diffusion becomes large enough such that nanorod morphology is no longer formed during growth. The threshold was found to be lower in metals compared to oxides. Films were grown using both dc and pulsed dc magnetron sputtering with continuous substrate rotation over the temperature range from 291 to 866 K. Film morphologies, structures, and compositions were characterized by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Films were also grown in a conventional configuration for comparison. For elemental metals, nanorod structuring occurs for films with melting points higher than that of Al (933 K) when grown at room temperature with a rotation rate of ∼5 rpm, correspo...

Temperature threshold for nanorod structuring of metal and oxide films grown by glancing angle deposition

Resistivities and Hall coefficients of flat and nanorod-structured Ru thin films were investigated from 295 to 600 K. Resistivities decreased upon first heating due to defect annealing, but Hall coefficients were found to be independent of temperature and defect content. The error in the Hall coefficient due to the Ettingshausen effect is shown to be negligible. Although resistivities and Hall coefficients of flat films are determined by a nominal film thickness, resistivities of nanorod-structured films are dominated by an ultrathin polycrystalline layer at the film-substrate interface and Hall coefficients appear to depend on an effective thickness determined by nanorod size and spacing.

Charge transport in flat and nanorod structured ruthenium thin films

/pdf/5-3-2-wo3-sensor-for-ppb-detection-of-ammonia-2bz2fr92ha.pdf

5.3.2 WO3 sensor for ppb detection of ammonia

Two semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) sensors are proposed for ppb detection of ammonia (NH3) in applications such as environmental monitoring and health related issues. One sensor uses a gold doped glancing angle deposition(GLAD) tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanorod film and the other uses a standard flat gold (Au) doped film .The GLAD film sensor showed a faster response than the flat film sensor indicating that metal oxide films with nanorod structures have applicability for ppb gas sensing applications.

WO3 sensor for ppb detection of ammonia

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