Monthly Notices is one of the three largest general primary astronomical research publications. It is an international journal, published by the Royal Astronomical Society. This article 1 describes its publication policy and practice.

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Although the dark matter is usually assumed to be made up of some form of elementary particle, primordial black holes (PBHs) could also provide some of it. However, various constraints restrict the...

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-nucl-050520-125911

Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments

The detection of gravitational waves from mergers of tens of Solar mass black hole binaries has led to a surge in interest in primordial black holes (PBHs) as a dark matter candidate. We aim to provide a (relatively) concise overview of the status of PBHs as a dark matter candidate, circa Summer 2020. First we review the formation of PBHs in the early Universe, focussing mainly on PBHs formed via the collapse of large density perturbations generated by inflation. Then we review the various current and future constraints on the present day abundance of PBHs. We conclude with a discussion of the key open questions in this field.

/pdf/primordial-black-holes-as-a-dark-matter-candidate-1s3m3v6ps3.pdf

Primordial black holes as a dark matter candidate

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, and, as such, it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and space-born instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA's first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed; ultracompact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or intermediate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help making progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with upcoming studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe. 

/pdf/astrophysics-with-the-laser-interferometer-space-antenna-3i4mnh45.pdf

Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

Even if massive (10M⊙≲M≲104M⊙) primordial black holes (PBHs) can only account for a small fraction of the dark matter (DM) in the universe, they may still be responsible for a sizable fraction of the coalescence events measured by LIGO/Virgo, and/or act as progenitors of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) observed already at high redshift (z≳6). In the presence of a dominant, non-PBH DM component, the bounds set by CMB via an altered ionization history are modified. We revisit the cosmological accretion of a DM halo around PBHs via toy models and dedicated numerical simulations, deriving updated CMB bounds which also take into account the last Planck data release. We prove that these constraints dominate over other constraints available in the literature at masses M≳20–50M⊙ (depending on uncertainty in accretion physics), reaching the level fPBH<3×10−9 around M∼104M⊙. These tight bounds are nonetheless consistent with the hypothesis of a primordial origin of the SMBH massive seeds.

Cosmic microwave background bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion

Cold dark matter (CDM) could be composed of primordial black holes (PBH) in addition to or instead of more orthodox weakly interacting massive particle dark matter (PDM). We study the formation of the first structures in such $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\mathrm{PBH}$ cosmologies using $N$-body simulations evolved from deep in the radiation era to redshift 99. When PBH are only a small component of the CDM, they are clothed by PDM to form isolated halos. On the other hand, when PBH make most of the CDM, halos can also grow via clustering of many PBH. We find that the halo mass function is well modelled via Poisson statistics assuming random initial conditions. We quantify the nonlinear velocities induced by structure formation and find that they are too small to significantly impact CMB constraints. A chief challenge is how best to extrapolate our results to lower redshifts relevant for some observational constraints.

Early structure formation in primordial black hole cosmologies

Even if massive ($10\,M_\odot \lesssim M \lesssim 10^4 M_\odot$) primordial black holes (PBHs) can only account for a small fraction of the dark matter (DM) in the universe, they may still be responsible for a sizable fraction of the coalescence events measured by LIGO/Virgo, and/or act as progenitors of the supermassive black holes (SMBHs) observed already at high redshift ($z\gtrsim 6$). In presence of a dominant, non-PBH DM component, the bounds set by CMB via an altered ionization history are modified. We revisit the cosmological accretion of a DM halo around PBHs via toy models and dedicated numerical simulations, deriving updated CMB bounds which also take into account the last Planck data release. We prove that these constraints dominate over other constraints available in the literature at masses $M\gtrsim 20-50\,M_\odot$ (depending on uncertainty in accretion physics), reaching the level $f_{\rm PBH}<3\times 10^{-9}$ around $M\sim 10^{4}\,M_\odot$. These tight bounds are nonetheless consistent with the hypothesis of a primordial origin of the SMBH massive seeds.

Even if massive ($10\,M_\odot \lesssim M \lesssim 10^4 M_\odot$) primordial
black holes (PBHs) can only account for a small fraction of the dark matter
(DM) in the universe, they may still be responsible for a sizable fraction of
the coalescence events measured by LIGO/Virgo, and/or act as progenitors of the
supermassive black holes (SMBHs) observed already at high redshift ($z\gtrsim
6$). In presence of a dominant, non-PBH DM component, the bounds set by CMB via
an altered ionization history are modified. We revisit the cosmological
accretion of a DM halo around PBHs via toy models and dedicated numerical
simulations, deriving updated CMB bounds which also take into account the last
Planck data release. We prove that these constraints dominate over other
constraints available in the literature at masses $M\gtrsim 20-50\,M_\odot$
(depending on uncertainty in accretion physics), reaching the level $f_{\rm
PBH}<3\times 10^{-9}$ around $M\sim 10^{4}\,M_\odot$. These tight bounds are
nonetheless consistent with the hypothesis of a primordial origin of the SMBH
massive seeds.

CMB bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion

The cosmic neutrino background is an important component of the Universe that is difficult to include in cosmological simulations due to the extremely large velocity dispersion of neutrino particles. We develop a new approach to simulate cosmic neutrinos that decomposes the Fermi-Dirac phase space into shells of constant speed and then evolves those shells using hydrodynamic equations. These collisionless hydrodynamic equations are chosen to match linear theory, free particle evolution and allow for superposition. We implement this method into the information-optimized cosmological $N$-body code CUBE and demonstrate that neutrino perturbations can be accurately resolved to at least $k\sim1\ h/$Mpc. This technique allows for neutrino memory requirements to be decreased by up to $\sim 10^3$ compared to traditional $N$-body methods.

Simulating the Cosmic Neutrino Background using Collisionless Hydrodynamics

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Cosmic microwave background bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion

Early structure formation in primordial black hole cosmologies

Cosmic microwave background bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion

CMB bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion

Simulating the Cosmic Neutrino Background using Collisionless Hydrodynamics