There has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship among political theorists In 1978, it could be confidently stated that "the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers" (van Gunsteren 1978, p 9) Fifteen years later, citizenship has become the "buzz word" among thinkers on all points of the political spectrum (Heater 1990, p 293; Vogel and Moran 1991, p x) There are a number of reasons for this renewed interest in citizenship in the 1990s At the level of theory, it is a natural evolution in political discourse because the concept of citizenship seems to integrate the demands ofjustice and community membership-the central concepts of political philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively Citizenship is intimately linked to ideas of individual entitlement on the one hand and of attachment to a particular community on the other Thus it may help clarify what is really at stake in the debate between liberals and communitarians Interest in citizenship has also been sparked by a number of recent political events and trends throughout the world-increasing voter apathy and long-term welfare dependency in the United States, the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe, the stresses created by an increasingly multicultural and multiracial population in Western Europe, the backlash against the welfare state in Thatcher's England, the failure of environmental policies that rely on voluntary citizen cooperation, and so forth These events have made clear that the health and stability of a modern democracy depends, not only on the justice of its 'basic structure' but also on the qualities and attitudes of its citizens:' for example,

Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory

A growing chorus of scholars laments the apparent decline of political participation in America, and the negative implications of this trend for American democracy. This article questions this position – arguing that previous studies misdiagnosed the sources of political change and the consequences of changing norms of citizenship for Americans' political engagement. Citizenship norms are shifting from a pattern of duty-based citizenship to engaged citizenship. Using data from the 2005 ‘Citizenship, Involvement, Democracy’ survey of the Center for Democracy and Civil Society (CDACS) I describe these two faces of citizenship, and trace their impact on political participation. Rather than the erosion of participation, this norm shift is altering and expanding the patterns of political participation in America.

/pdf/citizenship-norms-and-the-expansion-of-political-3v2t7814uq.pdf

Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation

Part I. Theoretical Framing: 1. Questions, approaches, and cases 2. Citizenship regimes, the state, and ethnic cleavages 3. The argument: indigenous mobilization in Latin America Part II. The Cases: 4. Ecuador: Latin America's strongest indigenous movement 5. The Ecuadorian Andes and ECUARUNARI 6. The Ecuadorian Amazon and CONFENAIE 7. Forming the National Confederation, CONAIE 8. Bolivia: strong regional movements 9. The Bolivian Andes: the Kataristas and their legacy 10. The Bolivian Amazon 11. Peru: weak national movements and subnational variation 12. Peru. Ecuador, and Bolivia: most similar cases 13. No national indigenous movement: explaining the Peruvian anomaly 14. Explaining subnational variation 15. Conclusion: 16. Democracy and the postliberal challenge in Latin America.

/pdf/contesting-citizenship-in-latin-america-the-rise-of-9gph2wnhsh.pdf

Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge

Throughout the twentieth century the figure of citizenship that has been dominant since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has begun to change. We have witnessed the emergence of new rights including ecological, sexual and indigenous rights as well as blurring of the boundaries between human and civil, political and social rights and the articulation of rights by (and to) cities, regions and across states. We have witnessed the birth of new ‘acts of citizenship’: both organized and spontaneous protests to include situationist and carnivalesque forms. We have also witnessed the emergence of ‘activist’ international courts (and judges), as well as new media and social networking as sites of struggles. How subjects act to become citizens and claim citizenship has thus substantially changed. This article interprets these developments as heralding a new figure of citizenship, and begins the important task of developing a new vocabulary by which it can be understood.

/pdf/citizenship-in-flux-the-figure-of-the-activist-citizen-1j8u3mpu7a.pdf

Citizenship in flux: The figure of the activist citizen

Citizenship encompasses legal status, rights, participation, and belonging. Traditionally anchored in a particular geographic and political community, citizenship evokes notions of national identity, sovereignty, and state control, but these relationships are challenged by the scope and diversity of international migration. This review considers normative and empirical debates over citizenship and bridges an informal divide between European and North American literatures. We focus on citizenship within nation-states by discussing ethnic versus civic citizenship, multiculturalism, and assimilation. Going beyond nation-state boundaries, we also look at transnational, postnational, and dual citizenships. Throughout, we identify methodological and theoretical challenges in this field, noting the need for a more dynamic and comprehensive understanding of the inter-relationships between the dimensions of citizenship and immigration.

Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation-State

Part 1 History: the origins - polis and cosmopolis, from Rome to Renaissance, the threshold of modern citizenship consolidation of the modern state - the age of revolutions, the triumph of nationalism, nineteenth-century Liberalism and Socialism, the impact of political doctrines on education the twentieth century - states with a liberal tradition, totalitarianism, new nations, world citizenship historical legacies - the origins, consolidation of the modern state, the twentieth century, the perspective of history. Part 2 Analysis: the feeling of citizenship - citizenship as identity, the good citizen the political citizen - the political citizen of the state, the political citizen of the world the status of a citizen - civil and legal definitions, social status barriers to a holistic concept, general difficulties, the debate in Britain. Part 3 Synthesis: multiple citizenship - the cube of citizenship, the geographical dimension, the five elements, education.

Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History Politics and Education

Recent years have seen the development of a substantial literature on cosmopolitan political thought and the idea of world citizenship. In this book Derek Heater offers a concise and accessible survey of this complex debate. He aims both to interpret these concepts and to assist in their comprehension. Central to the organization of the book is Heater's claim that the notion of world citizenship remains weak unless it is able to stand alongside and be comparable to citizenship in its traditional state-embedded sense. Thus, the core chapters are arranged according to a basic breakdown of the key components of citizenship, covering: identity and morality; law and civil rights; social, economic and environmental citizenship; political citizenship; and competence and education. The author outlines and assesses both supporting and opposing arguments, illustrating his analysis with wide-ranging historical and political references, from the Stoics to the present day. This is an essential text for those studying citizenship and will also be of great interest to students of political theory.

World Citizenship: Cosmopolitan Thinking and Its Opponents

Historical outline the contemporary debate states and their citizens civil and political rights and duties social, social-economic and environmental rights "civic virtue" and "active citizenship" the European dimension of citizenship education for citizenship attempted conclusions.

The foundations of citizenship

The publication of the Crick report (1998) on citizenship education and the subsequent Order for implementing the compulsory status of the topic for Key Stages 3 and 4 have generated considerable comment. However, the historical background to this development has been only sketchily treated. This article attempts to provide a little more detail, to suggest a framework of analysis to illuminate the history and to indicate the relevance of this past experience for current work. The analytical framework is provided by the identification of five factors that have shaped the evolution of citizenship education in England. These are: the lack of central guidance and reliance on private initiatives; the extension of the franchise and the issue of maturity; social class and examination structures; war and peace; Empire and Commonwealth.

The history of citizenship education in England

Part 1 Challenge and Hesitation 1.1 The Introducing of Politics in Schools Bernard Crick 1.2 Political Studies in the School: Some Problems Derek Heater 1.3 Political education in Schools: The Official Attitude Derek Heater 1.4 On Bias Bernard Crick 1.5 Politics as a University Discipline and Political Education in Schools Derek Heater 1.6 A Burgeoning of Interest: Political Education in Britain Derek Heater Part 2 Theoretical Frameworks 2.1 Basic Political Concepts and Curriculum Bernard Crick 2.2 Basic Concepts for Political Education Bernard Crick 2.3 Procedural Values in Political Education Bernard Crick Part 3 Some Contexts 3.1 International Studies at School Level: The Findings of Recent British Research Derek Heater 3.2 History Teaching and Political Education Derek Heater 3.3 Chalk-Dust, Punch-Card and the Polity Bernard Crick.

Essays on Political Education

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