Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is not optimal. Without transparent reporting, readers cannot judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic reviews. Recent methodological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects. Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs, which are considered the gold standard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias. A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs. It was first published in 1996 and updated in 2001. The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT. Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement. The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs. During the 2001 CONSORT revision, it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports. A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement. After an expert meeting in January 2007, the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement. This update improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition, such as selective outcome reporting bias. This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised. It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and updated checklist item providing examples of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies. Several examples of flow diagrams are included. The CONSORT 2010 Statement, this revised explanatory and elaboration document, and the associated website (www.consort-statement.org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of randomised trials.

pdf/consort-2010-explanation-and-elaboration-updated-guidelines-e619t8ofh4.pdf

CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials

Secret History: Return of the Black Death Channel 4, 7-8pm In 1348 the Black Death swept through London, killing people within days of the appearance of their first symptoms. Exactly how many died, and why, has long been a mystery. This Secret History documentary follows experts as they pick through the evidence and reveal why the plague killed on such a scale. And they ask, what might be coming next?

Medscape

Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is not optimal. Without transparent reporting, readers cannot judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic reviews. Recent methodological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects. Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs, which are considered the gold standard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias. A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs. It was first published in 1996 and updated in 2001. The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT. Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement. The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs. During the 2001 CONSORT revision, it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports. A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement. After an expert meeting in January 2007, the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement. This update improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition, such as selective outcome reporting bias. This explanatory and elaboration document intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised. It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and updated checklist item providing examples of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies. Several examples of flow diagrams are included. The CONSORT 2010 Statement, this revised explanatory and elaboration document, and the associated website (www. consort-statement. org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of randomised trials.

/pdf/consort-2010-explanation-and-elaboration-updated-guidelines-140klp2e8q.pdf

[CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (Chinese version)]

https://globalhealth.duke.edu/sites/default/files/event-attachments/2.18_meara.pdf

Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development

Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

The short article is about school myopia in Hong Kong and the high prevalence rates of myopia in primary school children.

School Myopia in Hong Kong

The use of combined intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and low-dose oral cyclosporin A in the treatment of corneal graft rejection: Addendum to previous report

/pdf/the-use-of-combined-intravenous-pulse-methylprednisolone-and-22jcnujdww.pdf

The use of combined intravenous pulse methylprednisolone and low-dose oral cyclosporin A in the treatment of corneal graft rejection: addendum to previous report.

Effect of latrunculin B on intraocular pressure in the monkey eye.

We read with interest the article by Beer et al. [1] on the management of serous macular detachment with vitreoretinal surgery. The authors have elucidated the management of a rare and often difficult disease and must be congratulated for the same. We wish to clarify a few issues that appear relevant in the management of this disease. Contrary to earlier thought, the ‘‘macular detachment’’ associated with optic pit has been found to be essentially a retinoschisis, the retinal detachment being secondary to it. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) must be employed to study the macular anatomy of such patients with optic pit and retinoschisis and this appears to have been overlooked by the authors [2]. If the OCT reveals a predominantly schitic cavity with minimal subretinal fluid, a full thickness retinotomy, as performed by the authors will result in drainage of only minimal quantities of subretinal fluid. The fluid within the schisis cavity being viscous, would not pass easily through the outer layer break of the schisis into the subretinal space, to be drained through a full thickness retinotomy. We have attempted drainage of the subretinal fluid through the pit; this seldom flattens the retina but in selected cases, if the subretinal fluid is not viscous a minimal amount of fluid can be drained out and this will at least avoid an iatrogenic retinotomy in the macular region and its attendant complications. Based on the authors experience, it appears prudent not to drain the subretinal fluid associated with optic disc pit, at least not through a drainage retinotomy. Vitreous traction over the posterior pole and the presence of a defect at the optic pit area contribute to the pathogenesis of the schisis/ detachment associated with optic disc pit. Hence, it is essential to identify and detach the posterior hyaloid for success of the surgery and would have reemphasized the importance of this step, had the authors mentioned it in their manuscript. Successful collapse of the schisis/detachment has been achieved simply by excising the vitreous, inducing the posterior vitreous detachment and gas tamponade without laser photocoagulation [3, 4]. However, laser photocoagulation may ensure long-term success of the surgery. It would also be interesting to know if the authors used any particular wavelength of laser energy to treat the peripapillary area. A red/ infra-red wavelength may offer the advantage of deeper penetration and less transmitted thermal P. M. Shanmugam (&) AE D. S. C. Lam Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong e-mail: shanmugam1998@yahoo.com

Optic pit associated serous macular detachment.

The healthy ocular surface is a complex, composite unit that is essential for patient comfort and visual function A number of components need to work in an integrated manner to ensure that this is achieved, and a variety of causes can result in the final common symptom complex that can be termed the itching, burning eye Many of these causes may be due to relatively common and simple issues related to lid disease, allergies, tear dysfunction, excessive computer use, exposure to polluted environment, and convergence problems However, a smaller group may have potentially more serious pathology due to causes such as underlying immune dysfunction, or tumors; rarely, intraocular conditions and some neurological causes may present with ocular redness and grittiness Failure or delay in the diagnosis of these latter entities can result in significant morbidity to the eye This article will clarify issues related to the functioning of the ocular surface, provide a diagnostic algorithm for managing these patients, and discuss the current knowledge in the management of these conditions once they are diagnosed It is targeted at the practicing ophthalmologist and should help him or her to manage this problem effectively

The itching, burning eye: diagnostic algorithm and management options.

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