Martha Albertson Fineman’s earlier work developed a theory of inevitable and derivative dependencies as a way of problematizing the core assumptions underlying the ‘autonomous’ subject of liberal law and politics in the context of US equality discourse. Her ‘vulnerability thesis’ represents the evolution of that earlier work and situates human vulnerability as a critical heuristic for exploring alternative legal and political foundations. This book draws together major British and American scholars who present different perspectives on the concept of vulnerability and Fineman's ‘vulnerability thesis’. The contributors include scholars who have thought about vulnerability in different ways and contexts prior to encountering Fineman’s work, as well as those for whom Fineman’s work provided an introduction to thinking through a vulnerability lens. This collection demonstrates the broad and intellectually exciting potential of vulnerability as a theoretical foundation for legal and political engagements with a range of urgent contemporary challenges. 
Exploring ways in which vulnerability might provide a new ethical foundation for law and politics, the book will be of interest to the general reader, as well as academics and students in fields such as jurisprudence, philosophy, legal theory, political theory, feminist theory, and ethics.

「脆弱性(Vulnerability)」とは何か

Urban flooding is a frequent disaster in cities. With the increasing imperviousness caused by rapid urbanization and the rising frequency and severity of extreme events caused by climate change, the hydrological status of the urban area has changed, resulting in urban floods. This study aims to identify trends and gaps and highlight potential research prospects in the field of urban flooding in South Asia. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper reviewed urban flood hazard assessment methods using hydraulic/hydrological models and urban flood management practices in South Asia. With the advancement of technology and high-resolution topographic data, hydrologic/hydraulic models such as HEC-RAS/HMS, MIKE, SWMM, etc., are increasingly used for urban flood hazard assessment. Urban flood management practices vary among countries based on existing technologies and infrastructures. In order to control urban flooding, both conventional physical structures, including drainage and embankments, as well as new innovative techniques, such as low-impact development, are implemented. Non-structural flood mitigation measures, such as improved flood warning systems, have been developed and implemented in a few cities. The major challenge in using process-based hydraulic models was the lack of high-resolution DEM and short-duration rainfall data in the region, significantly affecting the model’s simulation results and the implementation of flood management measures. Risk-informed management must be implemented immediately to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and unplanned urbanization on urban flooding. Therefore, it is crucial to encourage emergency managers and local planning authorities to consider a nature-based solution in an integrated urban planning approach to enhances urban flood resilience.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/3/627/pdf?version=1678257965

Urban Flood Hazard Assessment and Management Practices in South Asia: A Review

As negative impacts of climate change tend to increase in the future, densely-populated cities especially need to take action on being robust against natural hazards. Consequently, there is a growing interest from scientists in measuring the climate resilience of cities and regions. However, current measurements are usually assessed on administrative levels, not covering potential hotspots of hazardous or sensitive areas. The main aim of this paper focusses on the measurement of climate resilience in the City of Dortmund, Germany, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Based on a literature review, we identified five essential components of climate resilience and initially designed a theoretical framework of 18 indicators. Since climate resilience is still a vague concept in scientific discourses, we implemented local expert knowledge and fuzzy logic modelling into our analysis. The benefit of this study not only lies in the fine-scale application, but also in the relevance for multiple disciplines by integrating social and ecological factors. We conclude that climate resilience varies within the city pattern, with the urban core tending to be less resilient than its surrounding districts. As almost the entire geodata set used is freely available, the presented indicators and methods are to a certain degree applicable to comparable cities.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/2/635/pdf

How Can Climate Resilience Be Measured and Visualized? Assessing a Vague Concept Using GIS-Based Fuzzy Logic

Adaptation strategies to climate change need information about present and future climatic conditions. However, next to scenarios about the future climate, scenarios about future vulnerability are essential, since also changing societal conditions fundamentally determine adaptation needs. At the international and national level, first initiatives for developing vulnerability scenarios and so-called shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) have been undertaken. Most of these scenarios, however, do not provide sufficient information for local scenarios and local climate risk management. There is an urgent need to develop scenarios for vulnerability at the local scale in order to complement climate change scenarios. Heat stress is seen as a key challenge in cities in the context of climate change and further urban growth. Based on the research project ZURES (ZURES 2020 website), the paper presents a new method for human vulnerability scenarios to heat stress at the very local scale for growing medium-sized cities. In contrast to global models that outline future scenarios mostly with a country-level resolution, we show a new method on how to develop spatially specific scenario information for different districts within cities, starting from the planned urban development and expansion. The method provides a new opportunity to explore how different urban development strategies and housing policies influence future human exposure and vulnerability. Opportunities and constraints of the approach are revealed. Finally, we discuss how these scenarios can inform future urban development and risk management strategies and how these could complement more global or national approaches.

/pdf/new-methods-for-local-vulnerability-scenarios-to-heat-stress-1qg75i6pqf.pdf

New methods for local vulnerability scenarios to heat stress to inform urban planning—case study City of Ludwigsburg/Germany

Urban flood risk assessment requires attention in inland areas with intensifying climate change and an increasing probability of extreme precipitation. This study describes the developments and testing of a sub-catchment-based multi-index fuzzy evaluation approach that can provide adaptation guidance for municipal decision-makers at a local level. We first built a comprehensive flood risk assessment system considering three categories: hazard, urban system, and social environment. The proposed evaluation system includes hybrid uncertain information that involves random indicator sources and hesitant fuzzy judgments from experts. The storm weather management model combined with geographic information system tools was then applied to obtain random indicators. Subsequently, hesitant fuzzy linguistic sets and the Euclidean distance method were adopted to solve the problem of uncertainty and vagueness from subjective hesitant information. Therefore, the aggregation method provides a beneficial way to assess flood risk in a hybrid uncertain environment. In addition, the proposed approach was applied to the Jinjiang district in an inland city in the P. R. of China. This supports efforts to prioritize locally tailored policies and practical measures for higher-risk sub-catchments within large urban systems. 

Sub-catchment-based urban flood risk assessment with a multi-index fuzzy evaluation approach: a case study of Jinjiang district, China

Any adaptation activity needs a reliable evidence basis for the climate itself as well as for the exposition and sensitivity of the social, economic or ecological system and its elements. This requ...

https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2345737618500033

Improving the Assessment of Potential and Actual Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Events Through a Parallel Modeling of Climatic and Societal Changes at Different Scales

Klimawandel und demographischer Wandel hangen miteinander zusammen, denn die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels resultieren nicht allein aus den klimatischen Veranderungen, sondern auch aus gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungsprozessen und deren raumlicher Manifestation. Individuelle Dispositionen in einer ausdifferenzierten Bevolkerungsstruktur fuhren zu kleinraumig divergierenden Empfindlichkeiten gegenuber Klimaanderungen und klimatischen Extremereignissen. Zentral fur die Stadt- und Raumentwicklung werden damit die Fragen, wer gegenuber was, zu welchem Zeitpunkt und an welchem Ort sensitiv ist. Diese Fragen haben die Verwirklichung nachhaltiger Stadte und Siedlungen, ein gesundes Leben und Wohlbefinden sowie Gleichheit fur alle zum Ziel. Die Demographie ist neben der Politik, der Kultur, der Wirtschaft, der Bildung und der Religion ein fur diese Fragestellung zentraler, da projizierbarer Einflussfaktor auf Klimawirkungen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, die Raummuster aus demographischem Wandel und Klimawandel fur Deutschland zu analysieren. Durch die integrierte Betrachtung von Klimasignalen und demographischen Indikatoren fur die Zeitraume Gegenwart und Zukunft zeigen sich fur Deutschland zentrale Raummuster: Stadtwachstum in warmeren Klimaraumtypen sowie Ruckbau und Leerstand im trockeneren Klima. In beiden Fallen findet eine starke Veranderung des Bevolkerungsvolumens und/oder der Bevolkerungsstruktur statt, bei gleichzeitig zunehmenden klimatischen Belastungen. Dies erhoht das Anpassungserfordernis stadtischer Strukturen. Vor diesem Hintergrund mussen die Planungswissenschaft und -praxis, so die zentrale Schlussfolgerung, ihre Tabus (Siedlungsruckzug) und Pramissen (Innen- vor Ausenentwicklung) erneut diskutieren und neue Erkenntnisse (adaptive Strategien) sowie technische Neuerungen (digitale Informationsquellen) einbinden.

Raummuster: Demographischer Wandel und Klimawandel in deutschen Städten

The Rhenish lignite mining region is facing enormous structural changes due to the withdrawal from opencast mining. The current planning of the regional transformation process, however, has so far only insufficiently considered the local impacts of climate change and thus also existing needs for action as well as opportunities in the context of sustainable regional development. However, the integrated consideration of these challenges is probably one of the biggest strategic challenges for this region. The aim of our study was therefore to apply a method for the integrated analysis of structural and climatic changes in the context of a climate impact assessment. We follow a parallel spatial modelling approach and use scenario corridors to describe the bandwidth of potential future conditions. The results clearly show the influence of other drivers such as changes in population and land use, and thus the adaptation options within the context of a sustainable transformation process. Structural changes should be considered in the context of climate impact analyses, as well as climate changes in the management of structural change.

/pdf/climate-impact-assessment-for-sustainable-structural-change-2a8wisba.pdf

Climate Impact Assessment for Sustainable Structural Change in the Rhenish Lignite Mining Region

Urban flooding caused by heavy rainfall confronts cities worldwide with new challenges. Urban flash floods lead to considerable dangers and risks. In cities and urban areas, the vulnerability to pluvial flooding is particularly high. In order to be able to respond to heavy rainfall events with adaptation strategies and measures in the course of urban development, the spatial hazards, vulnerabilities and risks must first be determined and evaluated. This article shows a new, universally applicable methodical approach of a municipal pluvial flood risk assessment for small and medium-sized cities. We follow the common approaches to risk and vulnerability analyses and take into account current research approaches to heavy rainfall and urban pluvial flooding. Based on the intersection of the hazard with the vulnerability, the pluvial flood risk is determined. The aim of the present pluvial flood risk assessment was to identify particularly affected areas in the event of heavy rainfall in the small German city of Olfen. The research procedure and the results have been coordinated with the city’s administration within the framework of a real laboratory. In the course of the science–policy cooperation, it was ensured that the results could be applied appropriately in urban developments.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/24/10487/pdf

A Methodological Approach to Municipal Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment Based on a Small City Case Study

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Papers

Improving the Assessment of Potential and Actual Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Events Through a Parallel Modeling of Climatic and Societal Changes at Different Scales

Raummuster: Demographischer Wandel und Klimawandel in deutschen Städten

Climate Impact Assessment for Sustainable Structural Change in the Rhenish Lignite Mining Region

A Methodological Approach to Municipal Pluvial Flood Risk Assessment Based on a Small City Case Study