This is a thesis about the changing place of animals in post-Franco Spain, with particular reference to bullfighting, popular festivities, and pet-keeping. The thesis argues that since the ‘transition’ to democracy (1975-1982), which made Spain one of the most liberal social-democratic states in Europe, there have been several notable developments in human-animal relations. In some important respects, Spain has begun to shed its unenviable reputation for cruelty towards animals. Three important changes have occurred. First, bullfighting (corridas) has been banned in the Canary Islands (1991) and in Catalonia (2010). In addition, numerous municipalities have declared themselves against it. Second, although animals are still widely ‘abused’ and killed (often illegally) in local festivities, many have gradually ceased to use live animals, substituting either dead ones or effigies, and those that continue to use animals are subject to increasing legal restrictions. Third, one of the most conspicuous changes has been the growth in popularity of urban pet-keeping, together with the huge expansion of the market for foods, accessories and services - from healthy diets to cemeteries. The thesis shows that the character of these changing human-animal relations, and the resistance they encounter, can only be properly understood within the context of Spain’s historical trajectory since the 1970s. Aside from the transition to democracy, among the more important influences are the continual urbanising/modernising processes; entry into the EU and the move towards ‘Europeanism’; the rule of democratic law (after forty years of Francoism); the rise of an effective animal movement; the public rejection of political and personal violence; ongoing and vigorous debates about local, regional and national ‘identities’, and the popular desire to see Spain as ‘normal’ (civilised) rather than ‘different’ (primitive).

The changing place of animals in post-Franco Spain with particular reference to bullfighting, popular festivities, and pet-keeping

Confidence Men The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45 Brett Edward Lintott Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto, 2015 This dissertation provides an analysis of the Mediterranean double-cross system of the Second World War, which was composed of a number of double agents who were turned by the Allies and operated against their ostensible German spymasters. Utilizing many freshly released archival materials, this study assesses how the double-cross system was constructed, why it was an effective instrument, and how it contributed to Allied success in two areas: security and counter-intelligence, and military deception. The focus is thus on both organization and operations. The chapters cover three chronological periods. In the first — 1941-42 — the initial operational usage of a double agent is assessed, along with the development of early organizational structures to manage and operate individual cases as components of a team of spies. The second section, covering 1943, assesses three issues: major organizational innovations made early that year; the subsequent use of the double agent system to deceive the Germans regarding the planned invasion of Sicily in July; and the ongoing effort to utilize double agents to ensure a stable security and counter-intelligence environment in the Mediterranean theatre. The third and final section analyzes events in 1944, with a focus on double-cross deception in Italy and France, and on the emergence of more systematic security and counter-intelligence double-cross operations in Italy and the Middle East.

Confidence Men: The Mediterranean Double-Cross System, 1941-45

Europe has traditionally been studied as a political, economic and cultural unity that historically developed in connection with the ideas of Christianity, civilization, and empire. After the New World was "discovered," Europe's imperial and civilizing mission was no longer contained within its western boundaries but also occurred within an expanded sense of geography. This is to say that the status of civilized and civilizing Europe was not defined solely from within its geographical limits but also in contrast to its colonial world. Much of the work of describing the discovery, interpreting the exploration, and articulating the connection of the newly-found territories to the motherland in Europe was done through the writings of explorers, ambassadors, soldiers, adventurers, and missionaries. The recovery and analysis of these various kinds of travelers' narratives about foreign and exotic places where they went and lived have brought a new perspective to our understanding of the historical development of the imperialized world.

/pdf/images-of-barbaric-spain-in-eighteenth-century-british-4selg5iw05.pdf

Images of Barbaric Spain in Eighteenth-Century British Travel Writing

(1995). Assessment machinery: British and American models. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 10, Intelligence Analysis and Assessment, pp. 13-33.

Assessment machinery: British and American models

During the interwar years, Moroccan anti-colonial activists organized a propaganda campaign abroad to discredit the French and Spanish protectorates that had been established in 1912. Yet it was not the famous nationalist leaders from the country’s major urban centres but a small group from the marginalized northern city of Tetuan that played a pivotal role in the internationalization of the Moroccan question. This article demonstrates that, by analysing the emergence of Morocco’s nationalist movement through a transnational framework, rather than within the confines of the nation-state, we can rearrange the geographical and political hierarchies of local history as previously disregarded individuals and locations suddenly emerge to the forefront of the narrative.

Centring the periphery: northern Morocco as a hub of transnational anti-colonial activism, 1930–43

1. Britain and and the birth of Franco's Spain, 1936-39 2. Defining a policy 3. Opposition 4. The Spanish scene 5. Strategic diplomacy: September-October, 1940 6. Economic diplomacy: September-December, 1940 7. The Tangier crisis 8. The limits of attraction 9. The exhaustion of diplomacy.

Diplomacy and Strategy of Survival: British Policy and Franco's Spain, 1940-41

Screening ‘torch’: Allied counter‐intelligence and the Spanish threat to the secrecy of the allied invasion of French North Africa in November, 1942

was designated as the 250th Division of the Wehrmacht by the Germans) made a minor impact upon a campaign ultimately decided by the deployment of much bigger battalions and much greater fire-power than the Spanish unit could muster. Languishing in the environs of Leningrad for the duration of its sojourn on the Russian Front, the under-equipped and-in terms of German military techniques and tactics-ill-trained Blue Division was in no condition to turn even the local tide of battle in the Wehrmacht’s favour, let alone exercise a decisive influence upon the outcome of the Second World War in this most important of its theatres.’ 1

The Dispatch of the Spanish Blue Division to the Russian Front: Reasons and Repercussions

Spain, the EEC, and NATO

(1990). Our man in Havana, their man in Madrid: Literary invention in espionage fact and fiction. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 5, Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence, pp. 117-135.

Our man in Havana, their man in Madrid: Literary invention in espionage fact and fiction

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