This study explored the combustion behavior of co-torrefied biofuel derived from a novel combination of hybrid biomass and plastic waste. With the advanced thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), the effect of waste polypropylene (PP) addition and co-torrefaction pretreatment on the combustion characteristics, reactivity, gaseous product release, and pelletization characteristics of Ca-rich fungus bran (FB) biofuel were systemically investigated. Notably, the presence of PP not only expedited the ignition process but also enhanced the combustion efficiency of the biofuel. In comparison, the co-torrefied hybrid biofuel demonstrated enhanced energy yields, with significant reductions in activation energy, highlighting its potential as an efficient energy source. Torrefaction enriched the biochar structure and led to improved combustion efficiency and a faster burnout rate. Additionally, the torrefaction process also increased biomass calcium content, which resulted in the effective reduction of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. The incorporation of PP also demonstrated superior biomass binding capabilities and amplified pellet quality, when combined with co-torrefaction. Overall, this research underscored the viability of PP as a complementary fuel for FB. When co-torrefied, the resultant hybrid biofuel not only offered enhanced combustion efficiency but also presented an eco-friendly solution, minimizing SO2 emissions and acidic rain potential. This research, therefore, heralded an innovative path towards producing superior quality biomass pellets, minimizing storage and transportation costs, and optimizing energy conversion. 

Comprehensive analysis of combustion behavior, kinetics, and gas emissions of fungus bran biofuel through torrefaction pretreatment and polypropylene addition

Characterizing biomass pellets produced from torrefied biowaste and waste medical plastic pyrolysis oil

The present study aimed to enhance the properties and increase the usability of pellets made up of rice straws by mixing them with mustard straws and sawdust. Seventeen pellets were produced using an optimal mixture design to evaluate and optimize the physiochemical properties of pellet fuels. Furthermore, response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) integrated with the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) model were developed to optimize the pellet properties. Optimization was intended to determine the composition of the pellet that would maximize the heating value, and minimize the ash, Nitrogen, and Sulphur content. According to the RSM technique, the optimal constitution of pellets was found to be 74.40% rice straw, 15.60% mustard straw, and 10% sawdust by weight. On the other hand, the MOGA-ANN hybrid technique yielded slightly different optimal proportions, with 75.60% rice straw, 14.40% mustard straw, and 10% sawdust by weight. Subsequently, the optimal results obtained through both RSM and the MOGA-ANN approach were validated through experimental tests. It was observed that the values of the physicochemical properties of the pellet produced by mixing the optimal composition of the biomass ingredients closely matched the predicted values. Also, a comparatively minimal error was observed when using the ANN-MOGA method as with the RSM technique. This finding further demonstrated that the blending of various biomass is a viable strategy for enhancing the characteristics of pellet fuels. The improved pellet fuel resulting from this research has the potential to serve as a valuable biomass solid fuel and could be developed into commercially viable pellets on an industrial scale. 

Optimal Mixture Design for Agroresidue-Based Pellet Fuel Production Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Approach

The pretreatment for torrefaction impacts the performance of biomass fuels and operational costs. Given their diversity, it is crucial to determine the optimal torrefaction conditions for different types of biomass. In this study, three typical solid biofuels, corn stover (CS), agaric fungus bran (AFB), and spent coffee grounds (SCGs), were prepared using fluidized bed torrefaction. The thermal stability of different fuels was extensively discussed and a novel comprehensive fuel index, “displacement level”, was analyzed. The functional groups, pore structures, and microstructural differences between the three raw materials and the optimally torrefied biochar were thoroughly characterized. Finally, the biomass fuel consumption for household heating and water supply was calculated. The results showed that the optimal torrefaction temperatures for CS, AFB, and SCGs were 240, 280, and 280 °C, respectively, with comprehensive quality rankings of the optimal torrefied biochar of AFB (260) > SCG (252) > CS (248). Additionally, the economic costs of the optimally torrefied biochar were reduced by 7.03–19.32%. The results indicated that the displacement level is an index universally applicable to the preparation of solid fuels through biomass torrefaction. AFB is the most suitable solid fuel to be upgraded through torrefaction and has the potential to replace coal.

An Optimized Method for Evaluating the Preparation of High-Quality Fuel from Various Types of Biomass through Torrefaction

Green Manufacturing Utilising the Problematic Plastic Waste and the Future of Green Plastic

Combining biomass, a clean and renewable energy source, with waste plastic, which serves as a good auxiliary fuel, can produce high-quality clean fuel. The performance of biomass-derived fuel can be improved by torrefaction. This study optimized the co-torrefaction of fungus bran and polypropylene (PP) waste plastic to obtain clean solid biofuel with high calorific value and low ash content (AC) using response surface methodology. Two sets of mixed biochars were investigated using a multiobjective optimization method: mass yield–higher heating value–ash content (MY-HHV-AC) and energy yield–ash content (EY-AC). PP increased the heat value, decreased AC, and acted as a binder. The optimal operating conditions regarding reaction temperature, reaction time, and PP blending ratio were 230.68 °C, 30 min, and 20%, respectively, for the MY-HHV-AC set and 220 °C, 30 min, 20%, respectively, for the EY-AC set. The MY-HHV-AC set had properties close to those of peat and lignite. Furthermore, compared with that of the pure biochar, the AC of the two sets decreased by 15.71% and 14.88%, respectively, indicating that the prepared mixed biochars served as ideal biofuels. Finally, a circular economy framework for biobriquette fuel was proposed and prospects for preparing pellets provided.

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Optimization of Briquette Fuels by Co-Torrefaction of Residual Biomass and Plastic Waste Using Response Surface Methodology

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Optimization of Briquette Fuels by Co-Torrefaction of Residual Biomass and Plastic Waste Using Response Surface Methodology