The HY-1A satellite is the first oceanic satellite of China. During the winter of 2002～2003, the data of the HY-1A were applied to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea of China for the first time. The sea ice retrieval system of the HY-1A has been constructed. It receives 1B data from the satellite, outputs sea ice images and provides digital products of ice concentration, ice thickness and ice edge, which can be used as important information for sea ice monitoring and the initial fields of the numeric sea ice forecast and as one of the reference data for the sea ice forecasting verification. The sea ice retrieval system of the satellite is described, including its processes, methods and parameters. The retrieving results and their application to the sea ice monitoring and forecasting for the Bohai Sea are also discussed.

Application of the HY-1 satellite to sea ice monitoring and forecasting

The bidirectionality of water light field is one of the error sources of the ocean color models that now commonly used to retrieve pigments' concentrations. As the launching of new generation ocean color sensors, e.g. SeaWiFS, or the coming MODIS, the goal of accuracy of ocean color sensing is now much higher than that of CZCS. The original minor factors, such as the bidirectionality of water-leaving radiance, become more important for retrieving algorithms. This paper is to give some results based on 3D Monte Carlo simulations and proposes some aspects that should be considered for in situ optical data collection and related remote sensor's calibration and validation activities.

Bidirectionality of water-leaving radiance: simulation results and its correction

Ocean primary productivity estimation of China Sea by remote sensing

The sea surface temperature (SST) actively impacts the backscattering coefficient measured by scatterometers and the wind retrieval accuracy. However, none of the geophysical model functions (GMFs) currently used in operational wind retrieval considers the effect of the SST. With the HY-2A scatterometer as the research subject, this paper attempts to quantitatively analyze the effect of the SST on the backscattering coefficient for the first time and establish a new GMF by the Fourier series method (containing only cosine terms), which adopts the SST as the independent variable. The collocated Level 2A radar backscatter measurement data of the HY-2A scatterometer and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis wind data are used to build the new SST-dependent GMF that considers the influence of the SST in the model. The study indicates that the SST effects are wind speed dependent and more significant under vertical-vertical (VV) polarization. The backscattering coefficient increases with increasing SST in the wind speed range of 5–15 m/s. In addition, with increasing wind speed, the influence of the SST gradually decreases. Finally, the new GMF was applied to retrieve the ocean surface wind, which was compared to the conventional GMF to validate its performance. The experimental results indicate that the accuracy of wind field retrieval by the new GMF is considerably improved and the systematic deviation in the wind speed is effectively corrected. This study potentially contributes to a better understanding of the microwave backscattering behavior of the ocean surface and provides a way to further improve the wind retrieval accuracy of the HY-2A scatterometer as well as of other Ku-band scatterometers.

/pdf/a-modeling-study-of-the-impact-of-the-sea-surface-27evp187x7.pdf

A Modeling Study of the Impact of the Sea Surface Temperature on the Backscattering Coefficient and Wind Field Retrieval

The inversing model of backscattering coefficient is important to study the bio optical algorithm in case II water. In this paper, we analyze the underwater remote sensing reflectance r rs (λ) and backscattering coefficient b b(λ) measured in Yellow Sea and East China Sea in Apr 2003, and obtain the statistical model that r rs (λ) inverses b b(λ) with b b (412) as mid variable. The result indicates, the relative deviation of the 73% inversing samples in testing area is around 30%, and most of them are less than 10%.

Study of the Spring Empirical Model for Backscattering Coefficient in Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The paper introduces the current status and future plan of marine environmental remote sensing in China. In the first
part, the status is displayed, including the progress on key techniques of ocean color remote sensing, such as algorithms
of atmospheric correction, water optical properties, regional algorithms of ocean color factors; satellite data receiving,
process and application system as well as airborne system; new application for marine environment, such as coastal
water quality monitoring and red tide (harmful algal bloom). In the second part, future plan in China is discussed,
including satellite mission for marine environmental monitoring, satellite data validation and calibration, and the
application techniques.

Satellite remote sensing of marine environment and future plan in China

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Satellite remote sensing of marine environment and future plan in China