The combination of cross-section and controlled field trail were carried out from December 2015 to June 2016 at Haramaya District, Eastern Hararhge, Ethiopia to evaluate the prevalence ofgastrointestinal nematodes and anthelmintic efficacy test in naturally infected small ruminants using faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test. From a total of 372 faecal samples examined using fecal flotation technique about 57% (212/372) samples were positive to gastrointestinal nematodes. Coprological investigation revealed that sheep and goats in district were infested with varieties of nematode parasites. The strongyles species were highly prevalent nematode parasites identified at about 22.3% (83/372) followed by trichuris 9.1% (34/372) and strongyloides 5.6% (21/372); whereas mixed infections of strongyles and strongyloides were recovered at lowest rate which accounted for about 5.1% (19/372). From considered risk factors age and kebele showed significant association (p 0.05) between these factors. Mc Master egg counting in sheep harbored nematode parasites showed relatively similar percentage with no significant difference; but more of examined animals were classified in the range of moderate to heavy infections. The faecal egg count reduction test against albendazole, Tetraclozash and ivermectin indicated that 97.59%, 98.79% and 99.56% respectively which indicated an overall of very good state of efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Therefore this study revealed that small ruminants of the study area harbored considerable level of gastrointestinal nematodes parasites which need further studies on species identification, larval ecology and strategic deworming with proper practice of available anthelmintics in small ruminants of the study area.

/pdf/gastrointestinal-nematode-parasites-of-small-ruminants-and-3q8kpw70z4.pdf

Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites of Small Ruminants and Anthelmintics Efficacy Test in Sheep of Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia

Analysis of 13 published anthelmintic sensitivity studies against gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants was conducted to describe anthelmintic use trends and resistance problems in Ethiopia. Anthelmentic use surveys in 5 small ruminant rearing areas indicated widespread risky practices including; marketing of unknown formulation drugs, professionally unsupervised prescription and use of drugs, inappropriate calculation of drug doses and exhaustive use of few drugs. Evidence of small ruminant GI nematode resistance to albendazole, levamisole, teramisole and ivermectin was aparent in 15 (32.9%), 5 (41.7%), 4 (25%) and 2 (13.3%) trials, respectively. Resistance to multiple antihelmintic families was recorded in 4 studies conducted at 2 experimental goat farms. The nematode populations implicated in resistance belonged to Haemonchus, Oesophagostomun, Trichostrongylus and Trichuris species. Small ruminant GI nematode resistance to the broad spectrum anthelmintics is a significant livelihood and economic threat in Ethiopia. Strategic effort aimed at halting the emergence and spread of anthelmintic resistance is urgently needed.

Anthelmintic Resistance of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Ruminants: A Review of the Case of Ethiopia

Parasitic diseases are the main challenge of livestock production in the world. They are mainly controlled by the use of anthelmintic drugs. To be effective, the drugs should contain the appropriate amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and have the required physical characteristics. In this study, qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed to evaluate the quality of different brands of albendazole tablets legally circulating in pharmaceutical markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UVS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used for identification. Quantitative analysis was performed by HPLC. United States Pharmacopeia standard was used as a control to evaluate the identity and content of the API in the samples. A total of 10 batches of albendazole tablets from six different brands were collected and evaluated. All brands of albendazole tablets, except one, had acceptable physical characteristics. There was gross contamination in one batch, weight variation in 4 (40%) batches, and absence of package insert in 2 (20%) batches. All three methods of evaluation (UVS, FTIR and HPLC) confirmed that all batches passed the identity test. Quantitative analysis showed that no batch had API above the acceptable limit. However, 30% of batches from three different brands contained lower amount of API per tablet than the acceptable limit. All batches of albendazole circulating in the market in Addis Ababa did not fulfil either physical or chemical quality standards. The most important finding of this research was the presence of drugs with lower level of API than the acceptable limit. This can lead to treatment failure and favour the emergence of parasites that are resistant to drugs. Therefore, there should be a thorough evaluation of drugs before approval. The study also revealed the importance of occasional assessment of drugs circulating even in the legal market.

/pdf/quality-of-albendazole-tablets-legally-circulating-in-the-2z1gvinx60.pdf

Quality of albendazole tablets legally circulating in the pharmaceutical market of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: physicochemical evaluation

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats. One hundred and sixty small ruminants comprised four breeds, sheep (Salt range and Pak Karakul) and goats (Jattal and Beetal) were selected for this experiment. These animals were artificially infected with nematodes (Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta). FECs were done to confirm the presence of adult stages of H. contortus and T. circumcincta. The selected sheep and goat were divided into four groups. First group was treated with albendazole, second with levamisole, third with ivermectin and fourth kept as untreated to serve as control. Faecal samples were collected on day first prior to administration of treatment followed by day 14 post treatment. The efficacy of each anthelmintic was measured using the faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch test. The percentage reduction in FECs (95% CI) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin for salt range sheep were 88%, 89% and 99%, for Pak karakul sheep, 91%, 90% and 97%, for Jattal goat 91%, 91% and 98%, and for Beetal goat 91%, 92% and 99%. All results showed the presence of multiple anthelmintic resistances in selected sheep and goats flocks. All flocks were found resistance against the albendazol and three were resistance against levamisole. The arithmetic faecal egg count reduction with albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin recorded for H. contortus and T. circumcincta indicated the resistance against albendazole and levamisole and susceptibility of these worms against ivermectin. The results revealed that a significant difference (P<0.05) of FECRT were found on pre-treatment and post-treatment with different anthelmintic drug as compared to control group in all the flocks. The results of egg hatch test indicated that LC50 were ranged from 0.138 μg/mL to 0.141 μg/mL for four breeds, which were more than 0.1ug/ml of albendazole. Result indicates that resistance was found in the eggs with albendazole. The egg hatch assay also confirmed the result of faecal egg count reduction test.

Detection of multiple anthelmintic resistance of Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep and goats of northern Punjab, Pakistan.

In vitro ovicidal activity of Brongniartia montalvoana against small ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes.

The anthelmintic resistance status of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants owned by smallholder farmers in the Dale district, Southern Ethiopia, was investigated. A faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was conducted in traditionally managed and naturally infected goats and sheep. For this study, 60 sheep and 60 goats of both sexes, aged from 6 to 18 months, and with a faecal egg count (FEC) of more than 150 eggs/g of faeces were selected for the test from 5 neighboring kebeles. Both sheep and goats were grouped into four treatment groups: albendazole, tetramisole, ivermectin and control groups. In sheep, the percentage reduction in FECs (95% confidence intervals) for albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin were 95.0% (86.5 to 98.2%), 97.5% (93.2 to 99.1%) and 96.7% (91.0 to 99.1%), respectively. In goats, the percentage reduction in FECs (95% confidence intervals) for albendazole, tetramisole and ivermectin were 96.6% (88.3 to 99.0%), 97.7% (90.6 to 99.4%) and 97.1% (91.0 to 99.1%), respectively. All the anthelmintics were found to be effective, but resistance to albendazole was suspected.  Based on the findings, it was concluded that development of anthelmintic resistance could be prevented by avoiding frequent dosing and under dosing, while strategic deworming should be practiced by both animal health workers and animal owners. 

	 

	Key words: Anthelmintics, resistance, faecal egg count reduction, small ruminants, Dale, Ethiopia.

Assessment of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants, Dale district, Southern Ethiopia

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Assessment of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants, Dale district, Southern Ethiopia