This paper is a review of research in product development, which we define as the transformation of a market opportunity into a product available for sale. Our review is broad, encompassing work in the academic fields of marketing, operations management, and engineering design. The value of this breadth is in conveying the shape of the entire research landscape. We focus on product development projects within a single firm. We also devote our attention to the development of physical goods, although much of the work we describe applies to products of all kinds. We look inside the "black box" of product development at the fundamentaldecisions that are made by intention or default. In doing so, we adopt the perspective of product development as a deliberate business process involving hundreds of decisions, many of which can be usefully supported by knowledge and tools. We contrast this approach to prior reviews of the literature, which tend to examine the importance of environmental and contextual variables, such as market growth rate, the competitive environment, or the level of top-management support.

/pdf/product-development-decisions-a-review-of-the-literature-1jhatri7bn.pdf

Product Development Decisions: A Review of the Literature

.This statement describes the possible negative health effects of television viewing on children and adolescents, such as violent or aggressive behavior, substance use, sexual activity, obesity, poor body image, and decreased school performance. In addition to the television ratings system a

Children, Adolescents, and Television

G. S. Hall's (1904) view that adolescence is a period of heightened "storm and stress" is reconsidered in light of contemporary research. The author provides a brief history of the storm-and-stress view and examines 3 key aspects of this view: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, and risk behavior. In all 3 areas, evidence supports a modified storm-and-stress view that takes into account individual differences and cultural variations. Not all adolescents experience storm and stress, but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages. Adolescent storm and stress tends to be lower in traditional cultures than in the West but may increase as globalization increases individualism. Similar issues apply to minority cultures in American society. Finally, although the general public is sometimes portrayed by scholars as having a stereotypical view of adolescent storm and stress, both scholars and the general public appear to support a modified storm-and-stress view.

/pdf/adolescent-storm-and-stress-reconsidered-45lsgblw2h.pdf

Adolescent storm and stress, reconsidered.

https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/general/lancet_2.pdf

Sexual behaviour in context: a global perspective.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(16)30380-4.pdf

Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends.

PIP: Because of the high adolescent fertility rates in the US, the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) conducted a 1985 study of adolescent pregnancy and childbearing in 37 developed countries. This was an effort to unveil those factors responsible for determining teenage reproductive behavior. This article presents the data from that study. Birthrates were collected and separated into 2 age groups: for those under 18 and those women 18 to 19 years of age. A 42 variable questionnaire was sent to the public affairs officer of the American embassy and family planning organization in each foreign country to provide additional socioeconomic, behavioral, and educational data. Childbearing was found to be positively correlated with agricultural work, denoting a socioeconomic influence. Adolescent birthrates showed a positive correlation with levels of maternity leaves and benefits offered in the country. The lowest birthrates were found in those countries with the most liberal attitudes toward sex as demonstrated through media representation of female nudity, extent of nudity on public beaches, sales of sexually explicit literature, and media advertising of condoms. A negative correlation was seen for equitable distribution of income and the under 18 birthrate. The older teenage birthrate was found to be lower for countries with higher minimum ages for marriage. They also suggested a responsiveness to government efforts to increase fertility. Some general patterns emerged to explain the high teenage birthrate for the US: it is less open about sexual matters than countries with lower adolescent birthrates and the income in the US is distributed to families of low economic status. A more subtle factor is that although contraception is available, it is not that accessible to young men and women because of the cost. Case studies were presented to provide a more detailed understanding of the reasons for the high adolescent birthrates. Examined are desire for pregnancy, exposure to risk of pregnancy, contraceptive use, access to contraceptive and abortion services, and sex education.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2135261.pdf

Teenage pregnancy in developed countries: determinants and policy implications.

Involving men in reproductive health: Contributions to development

Nigeria has one of the highest maternal mortality ratios in the world: 1100 maternal deaths for every 100000 live births. Although patterns vary by region high-risk births persist in Nigeria. In both 1990 and 2003 two-thirds of all births were high risk because of the mother’s age parity or spacing of births. More than 40% of women giving birth do not receive prenatal care from a trained health care provider. This proportion did not improve during the 13-year period. It is above average in the North East and North West regions. The proportion of women receiving health care from a trained provider at delivery has increased somewhat -- from 30% in 1990 to 37% in 2003. Even so it is still low and less than that in some other West African countries. Increasing urbanization and education coupled with a drop in the proportion of women who are married have led to declines in fertility desires and childbearing. However the desire for a smaller family appears to be outpacing reductions in fertility. This is evident in the increasing proportion of births that are unplanned which largely reflects a low level of contraceptive use in Nigeria. The Nigerian government has adopted several policies aimed at reducing maternal mortality by 75% by 2015. However they lack effective implementation largely because of the very low level of government spending on health care. Most programming on safe motherhood has been initiated by nongovernmental organizations working with funding from international donors. Some recent programs and policies have the potential to improve the quality of maternal health care in Nigeria. To achieve this goal the Nigerian government must make a commitment to provide adequate resources -- trained providers up-to-date equipment and most importantly sufficient funding -- to end the many needless deaths associated with childbearing among Nigerian women.

/pdf/barriers-to-safe-motherhood-in-nigeria-18uzvefkqs.pdf

Barriers to Safe Motherhood in Nigeria

The report presents a descriptive overview of teenage childbearing based on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys in Brazil. Colombia and Peru as well as information from the Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago with comparisons to the US and Canada. Chapters include topics on education employment marriage consensual norms and sexual activity childbearing and consequences of teenage childbearing. In general adolescents aged 10-19 have higher employment levels in urban areas. As many as 50% of all women have married or started a sexual relationship before age 20 and sexual relationships before age 20 are more common in rural areas. Better education is related to a lower likelihood of having had a sexual relationship before age 20. Knowledge of contraception varies widely but most have knowledge of oral contraceptives. Contraception is higher in urban areas and in people with some secondary schooling. Guatemala and Peru have the greatest number of married women 15-19 not using contraceptives and not desiring a child soon. Rural fertility rates are higher than urban. The proportion of women with children before age 20 is similar among Latin American and Caribbean countries. Many teen pregnancies particularly in the US are unplanned and unwanted.

Today's Adolescents, Tomorrow's Parents: A Portrait of the Americas

The likelihood of a woman having sexual intercourse before age 20 ranges from 46-63% in Brazil Colombia the Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Peru and Trinidad and Tobago according to data from the Demographic and Health Surveys. The probability of entering a union prior to that time is somewhat lower ranging from 36-60%. And the likelihood of having a 1st child before age 20 ranges from 30-50%. In some of the countries women ages 20-24 are less likely than those ages 40-45 to have experienced all 3 events before age 20 but in others there has been virtually no change or the decline has been erratic. Overall teens in all the countries are better educated today than they were 25 year ago. However in 7 of the 9 countries among women with a primary education or less those ages 20-24 are more likely than those in the 40-44 group to have had 1st intercourse 1st union and 1st birth before age 20. Among women who have had secondary schooling or more the relationship between education and the likelihood of these 3 events is more erratic. Only in Colombia did the likelihood of all 3 decrease between the youngest and oldest cohorts of women with secondary schooling or more. (authors)

Sexual activity union and childbearing among adolescent women in the Americas.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Deirdre Wulf

Author Tools

Chat about Author