The volume and breadth of research on the role of the microbiome in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders has expanded greatly over the last decade, opening doors to new models of mechanisms of the gut-brain axis and therapeutic interventions to reduce the burden of these outcomes. Studies have highlighted the window of birth to 3 years as an especially sensitive window when interventions may be the most effective. Harnessing the powerful gut-brain axis during this critical developmental window clarifies important investigations into the microbe-human connection and the developing brain, affording opportunities to prevent rather than treat neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychiatric illness. In this review, we present an overview of the developing intestinal microbiome in the critical window of birth to age 3; and its prospective relationship with neurodevelopment, with particular emphasis on immunological mechanisms. Next, the role of the microbiome in neurobehavioral outcomes (such as autism, anxiety, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) as well as cognitive development are described. In these sections, we highlight the importance of pairing mechanistic studies in murine models with large scale epidemiological studies that aim to clarify the typical health promoting microbiome in early life across varied populations in comparison to dysbiosis. The microbiome is an important focus in human studies because it is so readily alterable with simple interventions, and we briefly outline what is known about microbiome targeted interventions in neurodevelopmental outcomes. More novel examinations of known environmental chemicals that adversely impact neurodevelopmental outcomes and the potential role of the microbiome as a mediator or modifier are discussed. Finally, we look to the future and emphasize the need for additional research to identify populations that are sensitive to alterations in their gut microbiome and clarify how interventions might correct and optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes.

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The Developing Microbiome From Birth to 3 Years: The Gut-Brain Axis and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

Gut Microbiota, an Additional Hallmark of Human Aging and Neurodegeneration

Next-generation probiotics (NGPs) represent an innovative group of beneficial bacteria that are currently undergoing research and development. NGPs are designed not only for conventional use as foods or dietary supplements but are also tailored for pharmaceutical applications. Research indicates that NGPs show therapeutic promise in addressing various chronic ailments. Offering multiple advantages over conventional probiotics, NGPs present opportunities for personalized probiotic therapies, involvement in synthetic biology and gene editing, participation in combination therapies, targeted delivery methods, and application in therapeutic settings. Our review discusses the potential therapeutic effect of the NGPs, covering diverse research trajectories for NGPs, including their identification, characterization, and targeted delivery. Furthermore, this review elucidates the influence of NGPs on critical aspects of human health, specifically, gut health, immune function, and broader health outcomes. Mechanistic insights encompass the production of bioactive compounds, competitive interactions with pathogenic bacteria, the modulation of immune cell activity, and the reinforcement of the gut barrier. What is noteworthy is that the current review points out the prevalent NGP strains and their diverse sources, providing a highlight for the comprehensive framework for understanding their potential applications and their future benefits in the domain of advanced therapeutics. 

Next-Generation Probiotics as Novel Therapeutics for Improving Human Health: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

Background: Kombucha is an increasingly consumed product classified as a nutraceutical. Legislative efforts about these products remain confusing and without global harmonization. This natural product has been developed to improve or promote physical and mental health. However, it needs regulatory guidelines to control the production and guarantee the product’s efficacy and safety. Aim: The study intends to draw attention to the need for regulatory guidelines and the potential of this product in the market and peoples’ health. Key findings and conclusions: The lack of regulation and the low level of literacy about this product can limit its development, marketing, and impact on health. Thus, it is essential to highlight the potential value of this product and invest in its development and marketing. Likewise, it is important to spread awareness among the population of these products and their impacts on people’s health. Thus, this study focuses on a pertinent theme and alerts to the need for legislation for these products, to draw attention to the inexistent legislative control and the consequent need for regulatory guidelines for better and safer production and consumption.

/pdf/kombucha-perceptions-and-future-prospects-175erwlp.pdf

Kombucha: Perceptions and Future Prospects

Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD) are common in older people. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), anxiety, depression, stress, and cognitive impairment are prevalent among people irrespective of age. The incidence of neurological disorders has been increasing in recent decades. Communication between the gut microbiota and the brain is intrinsically complicated, and it is necessary for the maintenance of the gut, brain, and immune functions of the host. The bidirectional link among the gut, gut microbiota and the brain is designated as the “microbiota–gut–brain axis.” Gut microbiota modulates the host immune system and functions of tissue barriers such as gut mucosa and blood–brain barrier (BBB). Gut microbial dysfunction disturbs the gut–brain interplay and may contribute to various gut disorders, neurocognitive and psychiatric disorders. Probiotics could protect intestinal integrity, enhance gut functions, promote intestinal mucosal and BBB functions, and support the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, which enhance neuronal survival and differentiation. Probiotics could be considered an adjunct therapy to manage metabolic and psychiatric diseases. Predominantly, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains are documented as potent probiotics, which help to maintain the bidirectional interactions between the gut and brain. The consumption of probiotics and probiotics containing fermented foods could improve the gut microbiota. The diet impacts gut microbiota, and a balanced diet could maintain the integrity of gut–brain communication by facilitating the production of neurotrophic factors and other neuropeptides. However, the beneficial effects of probiotics and diet might depend upon several factors, including strain, dosage, duration, age, host physiology, etc. This review summarizes the importance and involvement of probiotics and diet in neuroprotection and managing representative neurological disorders, injuries and mood states.

/pdf/role-of-probiotics-and-diet-in-the-management-of-1jiravl8.pdf

Role of Probiotics and Diet in the Management of Neurological Diseases and Mood States: A Review

Psychobiotics are a special class of probiotics, which deliver mental health benefits to individuals. They differ from conventional probiotics in their ability to produce or stimulate the production of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, enteroendocrine hormones and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Owing to this potential, psychobiotics have a broad spectrum of applications ranging from mood and stress alleviation to being an adjuvant in therapeutic treatment for various neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative disorders. The common psychobiotic bacteria belong to the family Lactobacilli, Streptococci, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia and Enterococci. The two-way crosstalk between the brain and the gastrointestinal system is influenced by these bacteria. The neurons present in the enteric nervous system interact directly with the neurochemicals produced by microbiota of the gut, thereby influencing the signaling to central nervous system. The present review highlights the scope and advancements made in the field, enlisting numerous commercial psychobiotic products that have flooded the market. In the latter part we discuss the potential concerns with respect to psychobiotics, such as the effects due to withdrawal, compatibility with immunocompromised patients, and the relatively unregulated probiotic market.

Psychobiotics: The Next-Generation Probiotics for the Brain

Probiotics are important for maintaining good gut health. In the present scenario when drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is increasing, it has become of utmost importance for everyone to keep healthy gut microbiome. Therefore the topic of probiotics has relevance to each and everyone of us. With this view in mind, a survey was conducted among college students and few other professionals to gather information regarding its awareness. Since majority respondents were students, an analysis was done amongst student subcategory only. A questionnaire was developed which had variety of questions comprising general awareness about the term probiotic products available, technical know how and sources from where to obtain them. In this respect the term prebiotics was also put forth as general commercial compositions mention both prebiotic and probiotics. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Overall the survey indicated that students were well aware of the meaning of the term probiotics. Majority have learnt it from newspaper or TV, however they did not know technical specifications necessary when purchasing nor were they familiar with the trade names of probiotic preparations available in market. Further, students knew that food and supplements are sources for probiotics but were not familiar with the term prebiotic.

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Awareness and Knowledge about Probiotics among College Students

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Psychobiotics: The Next-Generation Probiotics for the Brain

Awareness and Knowledge about Probiotics among College Students