
Cancer is the abnormal cell growth which has an ability to invade and eventually spread to other parts of the body. The term cancer was given by a Greek Physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC). In the earlier days Non- Ulcer forming and ulcer forming tumors were called carcinoma and carcinos. Cells that grow abnormally cause cancer. Many people die due to cancer. It is the second leading disease in United States that cause death. Women are mostly affected by cancer. In the world one half of men suffer from cancer but one third of women suffer from cancer. Hence women are considered as the victims of cancer.

Review on Cancer

Lung cancer is the main cause of death in the United States and around the world. The two types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (around 15%). In spite of advances in early diagnosis and standard treatment, non-small cell lung cancer is regularly analysed at advanced stages and has a poor prognosis. The treatment and prevention of lung cancer are major needs that can most likely be enhanced by a better understanding of the molecular process in cancer and development of cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer can be characterised into three subtypes: squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and substantial cell lung cancer. Smoking causes a wide range of lung cancer, however, is most firmly connected with small cell lung cancer and squamous-cell carcinoma; adenocarcinoma is the most well-known in patients who have never smoked

/pdf/a-review-article-on-lung-cancer-diagnosis-treatment-38ov0za6rw.pdf

A Review Article on Lung Cancer Diagnosis & Treatment

Cancer is a disease, which involves abnormal cell growth. It is caused due to mutation in cells. The cell undergoes uncontrolled division. It has the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Based on the type of tumors, cancer is benign and malignant and from origin it is of different types. Along with humans, cancer is also spread to the animals. They also contain different types based on the origin. Cancer is rife in the animal kingdom. For many, the mortality rate is similar to that suffered by humans. The tumor suppressor gene (p53) will helps to supress the cancer genes in humans along with in animals. Cancer is also prevalent in wild animals. Elephants have less chance to effect because they contain trillion of cells. The incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in elephants and whales called as “Peto's paradox”.

/pdf/types-of-cancer-and-surgery-in-rats-rattus-norvegicus-2d3cpxil7h.pdf

Types of Cancer and Surgery in Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Nanotechnology has an incredible prospective in disease prevention, diagnostics, imaging techniques, and drug therapy. According to United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) nanomedicine is defined as a molecular-scale intervention for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Limitation of conventional cancer therapies led to the development and application of a number of nanotechnologies for safe and efficacious treatment of cancer also referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Significant technological advancements have been achieved in this field, but the main hurdle in the development of the nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy comes from the complex and heterogenic biology of tumour, a partial understanding of nano–bio interactions and the challenges concerning chemistry, production and controls necessary for clinical translation and commercialization. In a Layman’s term nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to medicine. The aim of nanomedicine is to overcome the needs in management and treatment of diseases through interventions at a nanoscale that associate with the operational level of biological macromolecules inside the cells. Although extensively applicable in the field of diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases, nanomedicine has technically advanced in research focused on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Currently, the researchers are continuously focusing on the development of new nanomaterial, nanodevices, and nanoparticles with various applications for cancer therapy.

A Review on Nanomedicine in the Cancer Therapy

Cancer said to be more complex and unpredictable disease or auto immune disorder. It can strike at anyone at any time. On the reasons in the back of the development of most cancers cells, it appears that cancer isn't always as coincidental or unpredictable because it appears to be. WHO estimates monitor that the worldwide occurrence of cancer may be as high as 500 million, with an annual mortality fee of up to 1.3 million people. Cancer is basically a disease of tissue growth control. In order for a healthy cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiate must be act to alter. The majority of this global burden of sickness is born with the aid of countries of the growing global with excessive rates of vertical as well as bad access to healthcare. The present review article discussing the cancer is a fatal disorder or it’s a survival mechanism.

/pdf/cancer-is-a-disorder-or-a-survival-mechanism-a-review-53komni5r5.pdf

Cancer- is a Disorder or a Survival Mechanism: A Review Article

The integration of PET and CT scans allows the simultaneous use of biologic and anatomic imaging data for better delineating tumor and sparing normal critical structures. The aim of this study is to assess the impact on target volume delineation using CT vs. PETCT based plans, and to determine radiobiological effect on tumor and normal tissue by comparing Tumor control probability (TCP) & normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of CT & PET-CT based plans. 15 patients of inoperable NSCLC planned for radical radiotherapy, underwent a planning CT scan of the thorax. Target volumes were contoured. Later PETCT images with the auto contoured MTV (Metabolic target volume) images, were fused with the planning CT images. Margins were similarly given to PETMTV for the generation of PET CTV and PET PTV. 3 Dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) plans were made on the planning CT images and the planning PETCT images, and were compared dosimetrically and radio biologically. The study shows that the use of PETCT resulted in significant decrease in PETCT generated MTV versus GTV delineated on CT. Also, there was statistical significant decrease in the volume of the normal lung irradiated in terms of V40 and the MLD. TCP for PETCT based plans was significantly higher than that with CT based plans. Also, PETCT based planning resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the NTCP for lung and spinal cord. Therefore, the study concludes that incorporation of PETCT into radiotherapy planning of NSCLC is technically feasible and dosimetrically appealing strategy for patient treatment.

/pdf/impact-of-integrating-pet-ct-in-radiotherapy-planning-of-non-2uu1tsepri.pdf

Impact of Integrating Pet-Ct in Radiotherapy Planning of Non-small CellCarcinoma Lung: Dosimetric and Radiobiological Comparison

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Impact of Integrating Pet-Ct in Radiotherapy Planning of Non-small CellCarcinoma Lung: Dosimetric and Radiobiological Comparison