The phenylpropanoid pathway is an important diversified secondary or specialised metabolic route. It gives rise to various metabolites that regulate plant growth, metabolism, and plant–environment interactions. Genetic manipulations of the phenylpropanoid pathway have even improved the agronomy and nutritional status of plants. Irrespective of such explorations, this pathway has not been vastly investigated in legumes to date. Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is the most commonly produced leguminous crop of Asia. It is an important source of plant protein that has been recommended over several animal proteins. Dry mungbean seeds as well as sprouts are a rich source of phenylpropanoids. Mungbean sprouts possess increased protein bioavailability and have higher antioxidant potential than dry seeds. The polyphenolic derivatives of the phenylpropanoid pathway in mungbean are responsible for their antioxidant potential. Hence, from this perspective, the present article reviews the agronomic and biochemical ...

Understanding the phenylpropanoid pathway for agronomical and nutritional improvement of mungbean

In this study, apple fruits were first treated with different concentrations (1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6×1000) of walnut green skin water extract and Penicillium expensum pathogen. The activity of defense enzymes including of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and β(1,3) glucanase were measured in the treated apple fruits in the sampling days, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days after pathogen induction of fruit. Then, genes expression levels encoding these enzymes were assessed by Real-time PCR. The results showed that the activity of the studied enzymes increased from the third day of sampling to the 9th day and then decreased until the 15th day. Pathogen and walnut green skin both increased the enzyme activity. As the concentration of the walnut green skin extracts increased, the activity of the enzymes increased. The highest activity of PAL, PPO, SOD and Glu enzymes was observed at day 9 at concentrations of 6×1000 with values 11.28 (U per mg protein), 5.37 (∆OD per min per mg of total protein), 26.87 (U per mg mg protein) and 23.89 (∆OD per min per mg of total protein), respectively. The results of measurement of gene expression were also in accordance with the activity of enzymes. Exactly on the 9th day, the highest gene expression was observed for the genes expressing each enzyme and in the treatment of both pathogens and extracts. The gene expression levels of PAL, PPO, SOD and Glu enzymes at 9th day and in apple treated with pathogen and green walnut skin extracts were 121, 148, 150 and 148 times higher than those genes in the healthy apples as control, respectively.

/pdf/induction-od-resistance-against-penicillin-expansum-in-4mwznv6h5n.pdf

Induction od resistance against Penicillin expansum in harvested apple fruits using walnut green water extract

Abstract The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on antioxidant enzymes activities in wheat infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola was investigated. Different concentrations of SA (0 and 2mM) were sprayed on susceptible and tolerant cultivars of wheat at a two-leaf stage. Enhanced activities of peroxidase, catalase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and polyphenoloxidase were determined in two wheat SA-treated cultivars in the presence or absence of pathogen. The results showed that the application of SA was more effective on antioxidant activities than pathogen. However, the highest activities of all tested enzymes were detected in cultivars treated both with SA and pathogen. Although in the earliest time of infection the antioxidant enzymes activities in susceptible cultivar were weaker than in the tolerant cultivar, the enzymes activity enhancement by SA in susceptible cultivar was observable, too. These results suggest SA as plant defense inducer could be an effective agent against M. graminicola in wheat.

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Enzyme Activity in Wheat in Immediate Early Time after Infection with Mycosphaerella Graminicola

Crop plants have evolved an array of mechanisms to counter biotic and abiotic stresses. Many pathogenesis-related proteins are expressed by plants during the attack of pathogens. Advances in recombinant DNA technology and understanding of plant-microbe interactions at the molecular level have paved the way for isolation and characterization of genes encoding such proteins, including chitinases. Chitinases are included in families 18 and 19 of glycosyl hydrolases (according to www.cazy.org ) and they are further categorized into seven major classes based on their aminoacid sequence homology, three-dimensional structures, and hydrolytic mechanisms of catalytic reactions. Although chitin is not a component of plant cell walls, plant chitinases are involved in development and non-specific stress responses. Also, chitinase genes sourced from plants have been successfully over-expressed in crop plants to combat fungal pathogens. Crops such as tomato, potato, maize, groundnut, mustard, finger millet, cotton, lychee, banana, grape, wheat and rice have been successfully engineered for fungal resistance either with chitinase alone or in combination with other PR proteins.

Transgenic expression of plant chitinases to enhance disease resistance.

Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are the second largest fruit crop produced and exported in the world and ranking third in terms of total production (Dochez et al., 2006). Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the major biotic stresses affecting banana production. Among them, the burrowing nematode, Radopholus simili is found in all major banana growing regions of the world (Hölscher et al., 2014). This migratory endoparasitic nematode causes root and corm tissue cavities that evolve to form necrotic lesions that affect the ability of the plant to uptake water and nutrients, resulting in the reduced development of banana bunches, reduced fruit yield, toppling and also paving way to pathogenic microorganisms (Aravind et al., 2010 and López-Lima et al., 2013).

Induction of Resistant to Radopholus similis and Defence Related Mechanism in Susceptible and Resistance Banana Hybrids Infected with Radopholus similis

The enzyme activities of two hydrolases and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were analyzed in the seedlings of four mungbean cultivars (TARM-1, Kopergaon, ML-936 and Pant M-3) differing in their resistant status. Nine day after germination, the seedlings were challenged with Cercospora canescens cell wall elicitor and spore suspension and they were evaluated periodically for the enzyme activities. The hydrolases i.e. chitinases and -1,3 glucanases were found to be induced in all seedling parts by both inducers. The activities of these enzymes were higher in resistant cultivars. The maximum activity of glucanase, chitinase and PAL was observed in cotyledons of ML-936 followed by Pant M-3. This induced activity of defense related enzymes was found to be associated with resistant status of mungbean cultivars.

/pdf/induction-of-hydrolases-and-phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase-by-2ybnc7cgn8.pdf

Induction of Hydrolases and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase by Pathogen Derived Elicitors in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

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Induction of Hydrolases and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase by Pathogen Derived Elicitors in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)