Thinopyrum intermedium (JJJsJsStSt, 2n = 6x = 42), a member of tertiary gene pool of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD, 2n = 6x = 42), provides several beneficial genes for wheat improvement. In this study, line CH51 was developed from the BC1F8 progeny of a partial wheat-Th. intermedium amphiploid TAI8335 (2n = 56) and wheat cultivar (cv.) Jintai 170. Somatic metaphase chromosome counting showed that CH51 had stable 42 chromosomes. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analysis showed that CH51 had 40 wheat chromosomes and two Th. intermedium chromosomes involving translocation between Js- and St-genome chromosomes. Non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) analysis revealed that CH51 lacked a pair of wheat chromosome 6B. Wheat 55K SNP array analysis verified that chromosome 6B had the highest percentage of missing SNP loci in both CH51 and Chinese Spring (CS) nullisomic 6B-tetrasomic 6D (CS-N6BT6D) and had the highest percentage of polymorphic SNP loci between CH51 and cv. Jintai 170. We identified that CH51 was a wheat-Th. intermedium T6StS.6JsL (6B) disomic substitution line. Disease resistance assessment showed that CH51 exhibited high levels of resistance to the prevalent Chinese leaf rust and stripe rust races in the field. Therefore, the newly developed line CH51 can be utilized as a potential germplasm in wheat disease resistance breeding.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a new wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium homoeologous group-6 chromosome disomic substitution line with resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust

The damage to wheat crops by stem rust poses a threat to the food security of the world’s population. The species Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra, 1902) (Z.-W. Liu and R.-C. Wang, 1993) is a non-host for the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Eriks. and Henn. (Pgt). The Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, transferred from the Th. ponticum to the wheat gene pool, protect cultivars from the disease in different regions of the world. The study of the non-host resistance (NHR) of Th. ponticum and the effects of the introgressed Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes in wheat is important for breeding cultivars with durable resistance to stem rust. The aim of the research is to study the interaction of Pgt with Th. ponticum and common wheat lines with the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes, in addition to determining the role of ROS in resistance. Wheat lines with Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 were resistant to the West Siberian Pgt population. Using cytological methods, it was found that the NHR of Th. ponticum and Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 led to inhibition of the most inoculumdevelopment on the plant surface. This was mainly due to the suppression of the appressoria development and their death at the stage of penetration into the stomata. Upon contact of Pgt appressoria with stomatal guard cells, the generation of the superoxide anion O2•− was revealed. This interaction is similar to the stomatal immunity of Arabidopsis thaliana to non-pathogenic bacteria. The results of our studies show that the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 genes reproduce the action of some NHR mechanisms in wheat.

/pdf/nonhost-resistance-of-thinopyrum-ponticum-to-puccinia-2frf45sl.pdf

Nonhost Resistance of Thinopyrum ponticum to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and the Effects of the Sr24, Sr25, and Sr26 Genes Introgressed to Wheat

Wheat ranks first in the production and productivity of staple cereal crops in the world. Several diseases, including Stripe (Puccinia striiformis f. Sp. tritici), Black (Puccinia graminis f. Sp. tritici), and Brown (Puccinia recondita), have a major negative impact on wheat output, with 20 to 80% loss annually. Growing rust-resistant varieties is the most durable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly way to combat rust pathogens. In the present review, we provide updated information on all black stem rust, yellow leaf rust, and brown leaf rust resistance genes including chromosomal position, those derived from different sources, nature of resistance type, and amino acid changes done by this gene against rust pathogen. This study summarized the 68 black stem rust, 101 leaf rust, and 108 stripe rust resistance genes from diverse cultivars of wheat and wheat primary and secondary gene pools. This review will be valuable to wheat breeders in cloning rust-resistant genes and developing leaf as well as stem rust-resistant wheat cultivars using gene pyramiding as well as frequency multiplication through introgression of the gene of interest for disease-free, sustainable grain production of wheat. The success of pyramiding genes from other sources to bread wheat depends on the nature of germplasm, the gap between flanking marker and targeted genes, the selection of genotypes in each generation, large number of gentoyes large genotype-environment interaction, etc., which is the future area of study.

/pdf/a-review-on-major-rust-resistance-gene-and-amino-acid-3m71r84p.pdf

A Review on Major Rust Resistance Gene and Amino Acid Changes on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

Yellow rust (YR) epidemics have affected wheat productivity worldwide. YR resistance (Yr) is eminent in wheat; however, it is continuously invaded by evolving YR pathogen Puccinia striiformis (Pst.). Understanding the Yr genes’ diversity among the available germplasm is paramount to developing YR-resistant cultivars. In this study, 14 wheat genotypes were screened for their relative resistance index (RRI) and Yr genes/QTL via linked microsatellite markers. RRI screening categorized the studied genotypes into susceptible (<5; 4.44 ± 0.75), moderate (5–7; 6.11 ± 0.64), and resistant (>7; 8.45 ± 0.25) bulks (p < 0.001). Genetic analysis using 19 polymorphic microsatellite markers revealed 256 alleles, which were divergent among the three resistance bulks. Markers Xbarc7 and Xgwm429 showed the highest allelic diversity in comparison to Xbarc181, Xwmc419, SCAR1400, and Xgwm130. Resistant bulk showed associated alleles at Yr18 gene-linked markers Xgwm295, cssfr6, and csLV34. Other RRI-associated alleles at markers Xbarc7 and Xbarc101 showed weak and moderate linkages, respectively, with the Yr5 gene; whereas, a moderate association was noted for the Yr15 gene-linked marker Xgwm11. Marker Xwe173 linked with the Yr26 gene showed associated alleles among the susceptible bulk. Cross combinations of the parental lines forming recombinant inbred lines (RILs) demonstrated net higher RRI implying favorable allelic recombination. These results support reports and field observations on novel Pst. races that triggered Yr26, Yr5, and Yr15 busts in recent past. This study further implies that pyramiding all stage resistance genes (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and Yr26) with adult plant resistance genes (Yr18 and Yr62) should provide sustained YR resistance. The associated alleles at Yr genes-linked markers provide a basis for marker-assisted YR resistance breeding in wheat.

/pdf/molecular-characterization-of-diverse-wheat-genetic-n12vhkqr.pdf

Molecular Characterization of Diverse Wheat Genetic Resources for Resistance to Yellow Rust Pathogen (Puccinia striiformis)

Maize is an important food crop, and accurate identification of maize leaf diseases is significant for disease control. Aiming at the complexity of the color and texture features of diseases with inter-class similarity and intra-class variability, a two-channel multi-scale network model with a cross-attention mechanism and spatial dimension feature fusion (CASF-MNet) was designed. Firstly, aiming at the complexity of color features, the HSV color Sub-network (CSNet) was designed to extract the color features of disease spots. Then, aiming at the complexity of texture features, Texture Sub-Network (TSNet) and Cross Attention mechanism (CAM) were proposed to enhance the texture features of disease spots. Finally, to better fuse color and texture features, a cross-spatial feature fusion mechanism (FFM) was proposed. In the five-fold cross-validation of the self-built dataset, the average F1-Score and average Accuracy of CASF-MNet reach 97.17% and 97.02%. In the test experiments of two public datasets, the F1-Score of CASF-MNet reaches 98.13% and 98.71%, and the Accuracy reaches 97.44% and 98.67%, which are better than the seven most advanced leaf disease identification methods. It is proved that CASF-MNet is advanced and stable, and can assist disease detection personnel in maize disease detection in field environments. 

CASF-MNet: Multi-scale network with cross attention mechanism and spatial dimension feature fusion for maize leaf disease detection

Characterization of leaf rust resistance in a set of wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploid-derived hexaploid breeding lines

Leaf rust (LR), caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the most important fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. The wheat accession CH1539 showed a high level of resistance to leaf rust. A mapping population of 184 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between the resistant accession CH1539 and the susceptible cultivar SY95-71. The RILs showed segregating infection responses to Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt) race THK at the seedling stage. Genetic analysis showed that leaf rust resistance was controlled by a monogenic gene, and the potential locus was temporarily named LrCH1539. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using a 35 K DArTseq array located LrCH1539 on the short arm of chromosome 2B. Subsequently, a genetic linkage map of LrCH1539 was constructed using the developed 2BS chromosome-specific markers, and its flanking markers were sxau-2BS136 and sxau-2BS81. An F2 subpopulation with 3619 lines was constructed by crossing the resistant and susceptible lines selected from the RIL population. The inoculation identification results showed that LrCH1539 was recessively inherited and was fine-mapped to a 779.4-kb region between markers sxau-2BS47 and sxau-2BS255 at the end of 2BS. The linkage marker analysis showed that the positions of LrCH1539 and Lr16 were the same, but the identification results of the resistance spectrum indicated that the causal genes of the two might be different. The resistant materials reported in this study and the cosegregation marker can be used for marker-assisted selection breeding of leaf rust-resistant wheat cultivars. 

/pdf/fine-mapping-of-a-recessive-leaf-rust-resistance-locus-on-2j69ef43.pdf

Fine mapping of a recessive leaf rust resistance locus on chromosome 2BS in wheat accession CH1539

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Characterization of leaf rust resistance in a set of wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploid-derived hexaploid breeding lines

Fine mapping of a recessive leaf rust resistance locus on chromosome 2BS in wheat accession CH1539