For decades, high-intensity interval/intermittent exercise training methods have been used by elite athletes to improve their performance in sports. One of the most effective training methods, i.e., ‘Tabata training,’ is reviewed herein from the viewpoint of the energetics of exercise. The prior research describing the metabolic profile and effects of Tabata training is also summarized, with some historical anecdotes.

/pdf/tabata-training-one-of-the-most-energetically-effective-high-1n6a8ikvg3.pdf

Tabata training: one of the most energetically effective high-intensity intermittent training methods.

There is limited information regarding adaptation of HIIT in female athletes which is important since the adaptation to HIIT may be different compared to male athletes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the effects of HIIT on physical performance in female team sports athletes.The following databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and Science Direct were searched prior to September 2nd, 2022. The inclusion criteria were longitudinal studies written in English, elite, sub-elite or college female team sports participants, and HIIT intensity had to be at 80-100% maximal heart rate. There were no exclusion criteria regarding the age of the participants or their training experience. The primary outcome measures were maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated sprint ability (RSA), change of direction speed, speed, explosive strength and body composition.A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 230 participants. HIIT improved VO2max in five studies (ES from 0.19 to 1.08), while three studies showed improvement in their RSA (ES from 0.32 to 0.64). In addition, change of direction speed was improved in five studies (ES from 0.34 to 0.88), while speed improved in four studies (ES from 0.12 to 0.88). Explosive strength results varied (ES from 0.39 to 1.05), while in terms of body composition, the results were inconsistent through observed team sports.HIIT has significant effects on VO2max, RSA, change of direction speed, speed and explosive strength in female team sports, regardless of the competition level. 

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Physical Performance in Female Team Sports: A Systematic Review

/pdf/efectos-de-un-programa-de-entrenamiento-intervalado-de-alta-96gxi1zt0h.pdf

Efectos de un Programa de Entrenamiento Intervalado de Alta Intensidad sobre la Composición Corporal y Condición Física en Jugadoras de Hockey Césped

Using lower-body positive air pressure, the AlterG® Anti-Gravity TreadmillTM controls unloading (from 20% to 100% body weight in 1% increments), allowing for precise rehabilitation protocols unlike any other modality. Overall and peak lower limb impact forces are lower with more support but come with increased stride length, slightly reduced stride rate, and increased forefoot striking. AlterG® running substantially reduces metabolic demand, although there is substantial individual variability. Several studies found that on the AlterG®, runners can achieve higher metabolic output with lower overall impact forces. The AlterG® enables users to run at faster speeds than overground. A small quantity of research suggests that AlterG® interval training leads to similar performance increases as overground running and that higher intensities may be maintained longer. Although the quality of clinical evidence is modest to date (primarily case studies), initial evidence suggests the AlterG® can support rapid partial weight-bearing and return to performance.

Anti-gravity treadmill training for prevention and rehabilitation of running injuries

Background: More than 80% of patients entering cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are overweight, and > 50% have metabolic syndrome. Current CR exercise protocols result in little weight loss and minimal changes in cardiac risk factors. We sought to design an exercise protocol that would lead to greater weight loss and risk factor change. Methods and Results: We performed a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effect of high-calorie expenditure exercise (3000 to 3500-kcal/wk exercise-related energy expenditure) compared with standard CR exercise (7 to 800 kcal/wk) on weight loss and risk factors in 74 overweight patients with coronary heart disease. Both groups were counseled for weight loss and taking evidence-based preventive medications. High-calorie-expenditure exercise resulted in double the weight loss (8.2±4 versus 3.7±5 kg; P<0.001) and fat mass loss (5.9±4 versus 2.8±3 kg; P<0.001) and a greater waist reduction (-7±5 versus -5±5 cm; P<0.02) than standard CR exercise at 5 months. High-calorie-expenditure exercise reduced insulin resistance, measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, along with the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and components of the metabolic syndrome, more than standard CR exercise (each P_0.01). Overall, fat mass loss best predicted improved metabolic risk, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome decreased from 59% to 31%. Changes in cardiac risk factors included decreased insulin resistance, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreased measures of insulin, triglycerides, blood pressure, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and the ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (each P<0.05). Significant weight loss was maintained at 1 year. Conclusion: High-calorie-expenditure exercise promotes greater weight loss and more favorable cardiometabolic risk profiles than standard CR for overweight coronary patients.

High-Calorie-Expenditure Exercise. A New Approach to Cardiac Rehabilitation for Overweight Coronary Patients

The purpose of the study was to examine the changes in peak oxygen consumption ( V ˙O2peak) and running economy (RE) following four-weeks of high intensity training and concurrent strength and conditioning during the off-season in collegiate female field hockey players. Fourteen female student-athletes (age 19.29 ± 0.91 years) were divided into two training groups, matched from baseline V ˙O2peak: High Intensity Training (HITrun; n = 8) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT; n = 6). Participants completed 12 training sessions. HITrun consisted of 30 min of high-intensity running, while HIIT consisted of a series of whole-body high intensity Tabata-style intervals (75⁻85% of age predicted maximum heart rate) for a total of four minutes. In addition to the interval training, the off-season training included six resistance training sessions, three team practices, and concluded with a team scrimmage. V ˙O2peak was measured pre- and post-training to determine the effectiveness of the training program. A two-way mixed (group × time) ANOVA showed a main effect of time with a statistically significant difference in V ˙O2peak from pre- to post-testing, F(1, 12) = 12.657, p = 0.004, partial η² = 0.041. Average (±SD) V ˙O2peak increased from 44.64 ± 3.74 to 47.35 ± 3.16 mL·kg-1·min-1 for HIIT group and increased from 45.39 ± 2.80 to 48.22 ± 2.42 mL·kg-1·min-1 for HITrun group. Given the similar improvement in aerobic power, coaches and training staff may find the time saving element of HIIT-type conditioning programs attractive.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/5/4/89/pdf/1

Four Weeks of Off-Season Training Improves Peak Oxygen Consumption in Female Field Hockey Players

Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill running is used more frequently in clinical and athletic settings. Accurate caloric expenditure is required for proper exercise prescription, especially for obese patients performing LBPP exercise. It is unclear if running on LBPP changes running economy (RE) in proportion to the changes in body weight. The purpose of the study was to measure the oxygen consumption (VO2) and running economy (RE) of treadmill running at normal body weight and on LBPP. Twenty-three active, non-obese participants (25.8±7.2 years; BMI = 25.52±3.29 kg·m-2) completed two bouts of running exercise in a counterbalanced manner: (a) on a normal treadmill (NT) and (b) on a LBPP treadmill at 60% (40% of body weight supported) for 4 min at 2.24 (5 mph), 2.68 (6 mph), and 3.13 m·s-1 (7 mph). Repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction in RE among trials, F(2, 44) = 6.510, p <.0005, partial η2 = 0.228. An examination of pairwise comparisons indicated that RE was significantly greater for LBPP across the three speeds (p < 0.005). As expected, LBPP treadmill running resulted in significantly lower oxygen consumption at all three running speeds. We conclude that RE (ml O2·kg-1·km-1) of LBPP running is significantly poorer than normal treadmill running, and the ~30% change in absolute energy cost is not as great as predicted by the change in body weight (40%).

/pdf/run-economy-on-a-normal-and-lower-body-positive-pressure-4an83uagdb.pdf

Run Economy on a Normal and Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill

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Four Weeks of Off-Season Training Improves Peak Oxygen Consumption in Female Field Hockey Players

Run Economy on a Normal and Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill