Primary healthcare managers are required to include citizens in service co-design and co-production. Health policy guidance appears deceptively simple and largely outlines how people could participate in a range of health services activities. Policy tends to neglect outcomes assessment, and a multidisciplinary academic literature corpus is large and complex to navigate for practical, time-poor managers. In this paper, we set out to provide a summary 'map' of key concepts in participation to assist managers in aligning participants, activities, expected outcomes and outcome indicators, and to consider contextual factors that could affect participation processes and outcomes. The intention is a practical tool for planning and evaluation of participation. The map is built drawing on policy guidance, literature and authors' experiences of implementing and researching health services participation.

Citizen participation in health services co-production: a roadmap for navigating participation types and outcomes

Australian health services are required to partner with consumers, the public and communities in designing and providing safe, quality and needed services. Standards highlight that context is important and that services should tailor partnering methods to ensure inclusion of diverse people (ACSQHC, 2014). Partnering with people from diverse backgrounds is particularly challenging in remote, rural and regional areas. People are disparately located often across vast areas, public transport is limited, technology connections variable, and there is high turnover of the public sector workforce. Despite this, rural communities are identified as producing innovation. While partnerships are beneficial in delivering improved health outcomes (Rathert, C., Wyrwich, M.D., & Austin Boren, S. (November 20, 2012) Patient-centered care and outcomes: A systematic review of the literature. Medical Care Research and Review .), community capacity and better services (Doyle, C., Lennox, L., & Bell, D. (2013). A systematic review of evidence on the links between patient experience and clinical safety and effectiveness. BMJ Open , 3.), consumer participants in traditional partnering events (such as public forums) tend to be white, middle class and highly educated. A wider diversity of participants, including those defined as hidden or hard to reach, e.g., homeless, transient, Indigenous people, marginalized young people and people with disabilities is needed. Meetings, committees, surveys and focus groups are often used to obtain consumer/community views, as are more established technologies such as websites. However, given the challenges and potential costs of partnership efforts, there is a gap in research that examines the role that new, emergent and innovative technologies, including online forums, social media, digital stories, apps, texting, crowdsourcing and geographical technologies might play in engaging people traditionally absent from partnerships with health services. We explore the role of new and novel technologies for supporting consumer and community partnerships with health services, in regional and rural communities. In particular, we examine the opportunities and challenges afforded by technology for identifying and recruiting people, capturing peoples’ experiences and supporting ongoing partnership. Finally, we discuss specific instances of technology use, highlighting opportunities and challenges for their application in regional and rural Australia.

Including the Rural Excluded: Digital Technology and Diverse Community Participation

This article reports upon the efforts of three social work/social science academics in partnership with social and community practitioners, at radicalising community development (CD) within social work. The project was motivated by painful political events and processes unfolding around the world in 2017 and led to the design of a participatory action research approach with thirty-three practitioners. Engaging in several cycles of research (pre- and post questionnaires, observation, focus groups and interviews) and action learning (a popular education knowledge exchange day, a community of practice day and prototyping new projects) several new initiatives were implemented, including the formation of a new Popular Education Network. Reflections and discussion consider the implications of radicalising CD within social worker practice through combining education, organising and linking to progressive social movements. The article overall makes the case that popular education could be a crucial element in enabling the radicalisation of CD within social work.

Radicalising Community Development within Social Work through Popular Education—A Participatory Action Research Project

This article analyses the ways community development in Australia has succumbed to neoliberal forces resulting in conservative or reformist practice. Ledwith (Community Development in Action: Putting Freire into Practice, 2015, Policy Press, UK.) argues that popular education theory is a useful vehicle through which community development can recover its emancipatory intentions and take on a more critical role in strategising and acting for structural changes. This article reports on a participatory action research project undertaken in Australia in 2017, to explore what the Popular Education tradition could bring to the field of community development within south-east Queensland. The research aim was to theory-test the possibilities of popular education for influencing contemporary community development in an era of hegemonic service-delivery and welfare work within Australia. Practitioners were exposed to a series of popular education workshops, grounding a clear experiential model for taking theory into action that can advance social justice agendas and further their work. Findings from the project reveal that it is possible to stimulate thinking about radical practice with popular education theory. Moreover, exploration of the theory needs forums and communities of practice for collective critical reflection. Such processes provide both theoretical knowledge and collegial support for practitioners to experiment with actions in line with the radical tradition, and thus develop a radical praxis to resist the worst elements of neoliberalism.

Reimagining and radicalizing community development practice in south-east Queensland through popular education action research

This study aims to shed light on the government's approach to promoting community involvement in the creation of religious villages. The focus of the study is on community involvement, local government involvement, and policy solutions to ensure the success of Kampung Al-Quran, a religious village development programme in Lumban Dolok Village, Siabu District, Mandailing Natal District. Through the use of qualitative research, observations were concentrated on three distinct locations that served as the hubs of religious activity, interviews with six selected participants who held important positions and knowledge, and documentation data were collected. Including this study, the community actively participated in the construction of the Raya al-Muttaqin mosque, which serves as the central focus of the Kampung Al-Qur'an programme. The village government is still rigorous in how it exercises its authority at the local level, despite the fact that the government lacks an operational strategy for the sustainability of the Kampung Al-Quran programme. It is implied that the Kampung Al-Qur'an programme being carried out in an incalculable way. In order to strengthen the Kampung Al-Qur'an programme in an integrated and long-lasting way, a collaborative strategy is suggested in this article.

/pdf/participation-of-millennials-in-the-development-of-the-al-20kdvy32.pdf

Participation of Millennials in the Development of the Al-Qur'an Village: A Sustainable Promotion Perspective

The policy language of recent UK governments in relation to ‘activating' communities has drawn on images of ‘community’ as coherent
constructions – communities of place – recognizable to their members who are capable of concerted action. From this conceptual basis, localities identified as ‘ineffective’ are encouraged to become ‘successful, integrated
communities’ through government action such as New Labour’s Working Together neighbourhood policies and the more recent Big Society
initiatives of the Conservative-led Coalition Government. The shared fallacy is that individuals are policy-receptive actors with the potential to engage in community life ‘successfully’ (consensually)once ‘empowered’ to do so. This paper questions the efficacy of applying politically
neutralized values of empowerment, community and participation in government policy to ‘real world’ communities by applying the lessons of a
case study of the lived experience of community action in the late 1990s, during an arguably golden policy era of government sponsored community participation. In this study, the work of Georg Simmel was used to highlight the dynamism of human associations and the co-presence of apparently contradictory currents of conflict and co-operation. Qualitative network analysis illustrated the webbed intricacies of participating in ‘community’ and the importance of recognizing conflict as an element of
the whole process of participation – which should not be elided by policy makers. The paper concludes that conflict has a positive role to play in sustainable community processes: it is both an undeniably inherent element of participation and a democratic imperative.

The relational bent of community participation: the challenge social network analysis and Simmel offer to top-down prescriptions of ‘community’

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The relational bent of community participation: the challenge social network analysis and Simmel offer to top-down prescriptions of ‘community’