En America Central existe un interes creciente por el diseno y manejo de los sistemas desde un enfoque holistico, con el fin de mejorar y diversificar la productividad de las fincas. En este sentido los sistemas silvopastoriles constituyen una opcion en los sistemas de explotacion de los rumiantes, ya que diversifican los productos (leche, carne, madera, postes y lena), brindan sombra, mejoran la dieta de los animales y reducen la utilizacion de los fertilizantes quimicos y los concentrados, lo cual se manifiesta en un menor empleo de insumos externos a la finca. Ademas, permiten la generacion de servicios ambientales, tales como el secuestro de carbono, la conservacion de la biodiversidad, la proteccion de las cuencas hidrograficas y la belleza escenica. El objetivo del presente articulo es mostrar el estado del recurso arboreo en las pasturas, asi como el impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la productividad y la generacion de servicios ambientales en las fincas ganaderas. Ademas, se demuestra como el pago de servicios ambientales puede convertirse en una herramienta para incentivar la adopcion de estos sistemas.

Sistemas silvopastoriles como una herramienta para el mejoramiento de la productividad y restauración de la integridad ecológica de paisajes ganaderos

Sixteen cattle farms were selected to conduct a tree inventory of all trees dispersed within the pastures. A total of 199 pasture plots, occupying an area of 835.8 ha, were inventoried. Improved pasture species covered 72% of the area and native grasses were present in 28%. A total of 5896 trees were found, belonging to 99 species and 39 families. The most frequent type of tree was timber, followed by fodder and fruit (50, 27 and 27%, respectively). Fifty-four percent of the trees were present in the plots as individual trees, whereas the remainder formed small groups. Mean tree crown cover was 7%, with a mean density of 8.6 trees ha-1. The most abundant and frequent tree species were Tabebuia rosea, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cordia alliodora and Acrocomia vinifera. The trees presented a mean dbh of 44.8 cm, with Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Samanea saman presenting the tallest and widest crowns. It is concluded that although few species dominate the landscape, there is high tree species richness in the pasturelands of cattle farms, but they are maintained at low densities, probably in order not to affect animal productivity.

/pdf/arboles-dispersos-en-potreros-de-fincas-ganaderas-en-un-2zwfz0o8yw.pdf

Árboles dispersos en potreros de fincas ganaderas en un ecosistema seco de Costa Rica

Resumen En America Central existe un interes creciente por el diseno y manejo de los sistemas desde un enfoque holistico, con el fin de mejorar y diversificar la productividad de las fincas. En este sentido los sistemas silvopastoriles constituyen una opcion en los sistemas de explotacion de los rumiantes, ya que diversifican los productos (leche, carne, madera, postes y lena), brindan sombra, mejoran la dieta de los animales y reducen la utilizacion de los fertilizantes quimicos y los concentrados, lo cual se manifiesta en un menor empleo de insumos externos a la finca. Ademas, permiten la generacion de servicios ambientales, tales como el secuestro de carbono, la conservacion de la biodiversidad, la proteccion de las cuencas hidrograficas y la belleza escenica. El objetivo del presente articulo es mostrar el estado del recurso arboreo en las pasturas, asi como el impacto de los sistemas silvopastoriles en la productividad y la generacion de servicios ambientales en las fincas ganaderas. Ademas, se demuestra como el pago de servicios ambientales puede convertirse en una herramien- ta para incentivar la adopcion de estos sistemas. Palabras clave: Ganaderia, productividad, sistemas silvopascicolas Abstract In Central America there is growing interest in the design and management of the systems from a holistic point of view, with the objective of improving and diversifying farm productivity. In this sense, silvopastoral systems constitute a choice in the systems of ruminant exploitation, because they diversify the products (milk, meat, timber, poles and firewood), provide shade, improve the diet of the animals and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and concentrates, which is translated into a lower use of external inputs. Besides, they allow the generation of environmental services, such as carbon capture, conservation of biodiversity, protection of hydrographical basins and landscape beauty. The objective of this work is to show the state of the tree resource in pasturelands, as well as the impact of silvopastoral systems on the productivity and generation of environmental services in livestock farms. In addition, it shows how the payment of environmental services may become a tool for promoting the adoption of these systems.

Sistemas silvopastoriles como una herramienta para el mejoramiento de la productividad y restauración de la integridad ecológica de paisajes ganaderos Silvopastoral systems as a tool for the improvement of productivity and restoration of the ecological integrity of cattle production landscapes

El proposito de esta revision es discutir el papel de los sistemas agroforestales en la prestacion de servicios ambientales, incluyendo produccion agricola mas diversificada y sostenible, aumento de reservas de carbono, conservacion de la biodiversidad, mejora de la fertilidad del suelo, mitigacion de emisiones de metano y calidad del agua y aire. Existe evidencia de que los sistemas agroforestales juegan un papel importante en la prestacion de servicios ambientales, ya que aproximadamente 20 % de la poblacion mundial, sobre todo las zonas rurales y urbanas de los paises en desarrollo, depende directamente de los productos agroforestales. La adopcion de sistemas agroforestales contribuye a reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (dioxido de carbono y metano), disminuye la presion sobre los ecosistemas vulnerables y mejora las condiciones de vida de las comunidades rurales.

/pdf/environmental-services-from-tropical-agroforestry-systems-244lngv23g.pdf

Environmental services from tropical agroforestry systems

SUMMARY In many tropical cattle farms of Central America, farmers commonly retain trees in pastures to obtain timber and provide shade and fodder to cattle. However, little is known about the diversity, abundance, richness and species composition of dispersed trees in pastures of cattle farms in the dry tropics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize and describe the pattern of tree cover dispersed in pastures of cattle farm systems assessing their roles in sustaining farm productivity. The study was conducted in 16 cattle farms in a tropical dry ecosystem in Costa Rica. A total of 5,896 trees, from 36 families and 99 species, were found dispersed in pastures (836 ha). Trees were present on 100% of the farms and in 85% of pastures and they occurred as individual trees (54%) and clustered (46%). The most abundant families are Bignonaceae, Sterculeaceae and Boraginaceae. The most common tree species were Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken and Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart, which together accounted for 60% of the total number of trees. Tree species with smaller crowns are found at higher densities than tree species with large crowns. Pastures mean crown cover was 7% (SE + 0.54) and mean tree density was 8.1 trees ha -1 (SE + 0.66). We conclude that farmers are managing a low tree diversity, cover (m 2 ha -1 ) and density (trees ha -1 ) for fulfilling different farm needs that contribute to farm productivity but minimizing interference with pasture productivity.

Dispersed trees in pasturelands of cattle farms in a tropical dry ecosystem (árboles dispersos en los potreros de ranchos ganaderos en un eco-sistema de trópico seco)

Factores ecológicos y socioeconómicos que influyen en la regeneración natural del laurel en sistemas silvopastoriles del trópico húmedo y subhúmedo de Costa Rica

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Factores ecológicos y socioeconómicos que influyen en la regeneración natural del laurel en sistemas silvopastoriles del trópico húmedo y subhúmedo de Costa Rica