The number of dietary exposure assessment studies focussing on children is very limited. Children are however a vulnerable group due to their higher food consumption level per kg body weight. Therefore, the EXPOCHI project aims [1] to create a relational network of individual food consumption databases in children, covering different geographical areas within Europe, and [2] to use these data to assess the usual intake of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. EXPOCHI includes 14 food consumption databases focussed on children (1-14 y old). The data are considered representative at national/regional level: 14 regions covering 13 countries. Since the aim of the study is to perform long-term exposure assessments, only data derived from 24 hr dietary recalls and dietary records recorded on at least two non-consecutive days per individual were included in the dietary exposure assessments. To link consumption data and concentration data of lead, chromium and selenium in a standardised way, categorisation of the food consumption data was based on the food categorisation system described within the SCOOP Task report 3.2.11. For food colours, the food categorisation system specified in the Council Directive 94/36/EC was used. The EXPOCHI project includes a pan-European long-term exposure assessment of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours among children living in 13 different EU countries. However, the different study methods and designs used to collect the data in the different countries necessitate an in-depth description of these different methods and a discussion about the resulting limitations.

/pdf/dietary-exposure-assessments-for-children-in-europe-the-1exl3n7g83.pdf

Dietary exposure assessments for children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design

Within the EFSA Article 36 project “European Tool Usual Intake” (ETUI) a workshop was organised in May 2010 where the different available models to calculate usual intake were presented and discussed. This report integrates the workshop background document, the presentations given by experts, and the discussions during the workshop. The purpose of the workshop was to evaluate existing statistical methods for estimating usual intake with respect to a number of criteria, so that the performance of each method on each criterion will be well understood after the workshop. The outcome of the workshop allows choices to be made for a European Tool Usual Intake, to be implemented in the remainder of the project. A starting document was provided to the participants of the workshop with up-to-date information on methods, data and criteria, as a basis for discussion. It was apparent from the workshop that there is not one optimal model for all cases, rather a toolbox approach is suitable. The choice of the most appropriate model has to be fine-tuned case by case. Criteria to be considered are related to data availability and data pre-processing (e.g. compatibility of existing data formats, need to handle complicating factors like food code conversion, left-censored data, processing factors, brand loyalty, pooling over multiple datasets), the appropriateness of modelling assumptions for frequencies and amounts modelling (e.g. level of conservatism, additivity assumption and data transformations, the need to model intake as a function of covariates, correlations), the usefulness to combine survey and food frequency questionnaire data, the need to model single food intake or diet-aggregated intake, the need to evaluate uncertainties, and the usefulness of implementations. For the short term, case studies will be performed based on issues relevant for EFSA panels. Results from the workshop and possibilities of using models to calculate usual intake were recently discussed during the 5th meeting of the EFSA Expert group on food consumption data. Currently only few EU Member States use this kind of models but there is a lot of interest in gaining experience with the usual intake modelling. Several requests were received concerning the possibility of having more information about the ETUI project and even the organisation of a future training. In conclusion, this interim report is considered by EFSA to be a good review of the different models used and presents the main challenges related to the use of these techniques. Its publication could be useful to those who want to start using this kind of methodology

https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.EN-86

Statistical modelling of usual intake

Long-term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in 12 different European countries was estimated using both the deterministic observed individual means (OIM) and the stochastic beta-binomial normal (BBN) approach. For this, food consumption data of children aged 1 up to 14 years were combined with chromium concentration data in food as supplied by EFSA. Food consumption data were all categorised according to a harmonised system to allow for linkages with chromium concentration data in a standardised way. The results showed differences in exposure between countries and that the exposure decreased with age. Exposure levels were higher using the deterministic model compared to the stochastic model, although the latter model could not be applied to data from some countries because of a lack of required normality. Food groups "milk/dairy drinks" and "cereals" contributed most to the exposure in almost all countries. The study also showed that, food consumption data collected in different European countries can be categorised in a standard way to allow for harmonised exposure modelling. Due to the lack of a Tolerable Upper Intake Level for chromium, it is unclear if the exposure levels calculated for the different countries pose a possible health risk.

SCIENTIFIC REPORT submitted to EFSA Long-term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in different European countries 1

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SCIENTIFIC REPORT submitted to EFSA Long-term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in different European countries 1