Mining-induced displacement and resettlement in Afghanistan's Aynak mining community: Exploring the right to fair compensation

Abstract A trial of three nutrition‐sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women's group meetings in rural Odisha, India, found improvements in maternal and child dietary diversity, limited effects on agricultural production, and no effects on women and children's nutritional status. Our process evaluation explored fidelity, reach, and mechanisms behind interventions' effects. We also examined how context affected implementation, mechanisms, and outcomes. We used data from intervention monitoring systems, review notes, trial surveys, 32 case studies with families (n = 91 family members), and 20 group discussions with women's group members and intervention workers (n = 181 and 32, respectively). We found that interventions were implemented with high fidelity. Groups reached around half of the mothers of children under 2 years. Videos and meetings increased women's knowledge, motivation and confidence to suggest or make changes to their diets and agricultural production. Families responded in diverse ways. Many adopted or improved rainfed homestead garden cultivation for consumption, which could explain gains in maternal and child dietary diversity seen in the impact evaluation. Cultivation for income was less common. This was often due to small landholdings, poor access to irrigation and decision‐making dominated by men. Interventions helped change norms about heavy work during pregnancy, but young women with little family support still did considerable work. Women's ability to shape cultivation, income and workload decisions was strongly influenced by support from male relatives. Future nutrition‐sensitive agriculture interventions could include additional flexibility to address families’ land, water, labour and time constraints, as well as actively engage with spouses and in‐laws.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/mcn.13398

Understanding the effects of nutrition‐sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women's group meetings on maternal and child nutrition in rural Odisha, India: A mixed‐methods process evaluation

Contemporary Odisha has witnessed many micro-social movements fighting industrialization, mining, major dams, and similar development projects. The introduction of these projects has a massive impact on tribe lives, survival, and cultural identity of tribes. The most recent one is the severe uproar from the Lanjigarh area’s inhabitants against the Vedanta, which was about to set up a bauxite-aluminum factory near Niyamagiri Hill. The article attempts to highlight the historical resistance of tribals against development-induced displacement both during pre- and post-independence in Odisha and discuss the magnitude of displacement due to development-induced projects, impacts, rehabilitation, and resettlement. It further presents the Dongria Kondh community’s struggle against the alumina refinery and the new bauxite mining project in Niyamgiri. The victory of Niyamgiri provides moral support, courage, and a ray of hope for the other tribal people in India who have been battling for rights to forest and land for days. Tribal movements have forced the postponement or cancellation of numerous projects, raising questions about their long-term viability. Thus, protest movements have compelled governments to review displacement issues and implement necessary measures to address them. 

Tribal Movements against Mining-induced Displacement in Odisha: The Case of Dongria Kondh’s Niyamgiri Movement

Kashipur block in Rayagada district of Odisha has witnessed displacement of tribal and Dalit people because of the establishment of Utkal Alumina International Limited (UAIL). During the process of establishing UAIL, the local communities were promised adequate compensation and a fair resettlement and rehabilitation policy by the state government as well as the company. However, there has been a lack of equitable distribution of resettlement and rehabilitation facilities, widespread gender bias and caste-based discrimination against Dalits and tribals while the company offered semi-skilled jobs. Moreover, the Dalit and tribal women have been subjected to gender-based discrimination on top of the caste-based discrimination faced generally by these communities. The present study is an attempt to examine such discriminations and the effect that this has had on the traditional livelihood practices of Dalit and tribal women. The study also explores how upper-caste people are controlling the legal and informal power in the region.

Interface of Gender and Caste in the Resettlement and Rehabilitation of Displaced Women in the Rayagada District of Odisha

In recent past, indigenous peoples’ struggle against historical injustices have been successful in realising a distinct international legal regime regarding the rights of ‘indigenous peoples’. As a result, the claim for ‘indigeneity’ has dramatically increased as part of global indigenous politics. In India, determination of ‘tribal people’ as ‘indigenous peoples’ remains a highly contentious issue. Academicians have been very much divided in their opinions. The present Article delves into the concept of ‘tribe’ in India and critically analyses the ‘indigeneity’ debate centred around. It argues that ‘indigeneity’ based on prior occupancy is ill-suited to the Indian context. However, ‘tribal people’ can be considered as ‘indigenous peoples’, if ‘indigeneity’ is considered as a social fact.

Tribes as ‘Indigenous Peoples’: Revisiting Indigeneity Debate in India:

Development-induced displacement: impact on adivasi women of Odisha

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Development-induced displacement: impact on adivasi women of Odisha