Delivery of foreign genes to the digestive tract mucosa by oral administration of nonreplicating gene transfer vectors would be a very useful method for vaccination and gene therapy. However, there have been few reports on suitable vectors. In the present study, we found that plasmid DNA can be packaged in vitro into a virus-like particle (VLP) composed of open reading frame 2 of hepatitis E virus, which is an orally transmissible virus, and that these VLPs can deliver this foreign DNA to the intestinal mucosa in vivo. The delivery of plasmid DNA to the mucosa of the small intestine was confirmed by the results of immunohistochemical analyses using an expression plasmid encoding human immunodeficiency virus env (HIV env) gp120. After oral administration of VLPs loaded with HIV env cDNA, significant levels of specific IgG and IgA to HIV env in fecal extracts and sera were found. Moreover, mice used in this study exhibited cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses specific to HIV env in the spleen, Payer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. These findings suggest that VLPs derived from orally transmissible viruses can be used as vectors for delivery of genes to mucosal tissue by oral administration for the purpose of DNA vaccination and gene therapy.

DNA vaccine-encapsulated virus-like particles derived from an orally transmissible virus stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses by oral administration.

The induction of mucosal immunity is crucial in controlling viral replication during HIV infection. In this study we compare the ability of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes that expresses and secretes the HIV Ag Gag to induce CD8+ T cells against this Ag in the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches and the ability to provide effector Gag-specific CD8+ T cells to the lamina propria after i.v., oral, or rectal administration of the vaccine. The levels of Ag-specific CD8+-activated T cells were measured ex vivo using intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-γ and H-2Kd Gag peptide tetramer staining. We found that all routes of immunization induced Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen. After secondary infection, we observed substantial increases in splenic levels of CD8+ T cells, and levels of Gag-specific cells were similar to those against listeriolysin O, the immunodominant Ag of L. monocytogenes. Both primary and secondary oral immunization resulted in abundant Gag-specific CD8+-activated T cells in the lamina propria that constituted ∼35% of the CD8 compartment. However, significant levels of Gag and listeriolysin O-specific CD8+ T cells were observed in mucosal lymphoid tissue only after two immunizations, perhaps because they had already entered the lamina propria compartment after a single immunization. In the context of HIV, a mucosally administered vaccine seems best calculated to prompt an immune response that is capable of preventing infection. The data presented in this report demonstrate that mucosally administered Listeria can prompt such a response and that booster doses can maintain this response.

/pdf/the-induction-of-hiv-gag-specific-cd8-t-cells-in-the-spleen-37mokqsi7k.pdf

The induction of HIV Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue by parenteral or mucosal immunization with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes HIV Gag.

Field trial of oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam

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Field trial of oral cholera vaccine in Vietnam