Flexible and sustainable printed sensor strips for on-site, fast decentralized self-testing of urinary biomarkers integrated with a portable wireless analyzer

MXenes are a family of two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal carbides/nitrides that show promising potential for energy storage applications due to their high‐specific surface areas, excellent electron conductivity, good hydrophilicity, and tunable terminations. Among various types of MXenes, Ti3C2Tx is the most widely studied for use in capacitive energy storage applications, especially in supercapacitors (SCs). However, the stacking and oxidation of MXene sheets inevitably lead to a significant loss of electrochemically active sites. To overcome such challenges, carbon materials are frequently incorporated into MXenes to enhance their electrochemical properties. This review introduces the common strategies used for synthesizing Ti3C2Tx, followed by a comprehensive overview of recent developments in Ti3C2Tx/carbon composites as electrode materials for SCs. Ti3C2Tx/carbon composites are categorized based on the dimensions of carbons, including 0D carbon dots, 1D carbon nanotubes and fibers, 2D graphene, and 3D carbon materials (activated carbon, polymer‐derived carbon, etc.). Finally, this review also provides a perspective on developing novel MXenes/carbon composites as electrodes for application in SCs.

Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon composites for advanced supercapacitors: Synthesis, progress, and perspectives

The demand for increasingly advanced bioelectronic devices with smart functions, long-term stability, and the ability to operate outdoors for extended periods of time has been growing rapidly in modern society. In addition, excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, lightweight design, sustainability, biodegradability and environmental friendliness are equally important considerations when choosing mobile electronics. To meet these requirements, flexible bioelectronic devices need to be equipped with efficient portable tasks. However, most of these devices are currently manufactured using plastic substrates/supports, which is not environmentally sustainable. This review is focused on research attempts to shift biodegradable polymeric materials toward flexible and sustainable components. We present recent scientific achievements in the strategies to obtain eco-friendly polymers for flexible substrates/support to fabrication of bioelectronic devices. We summarize the introduction of biodegradable polymers and techniques to fabrication of portable bioelectronic devices as components to provide flexible and sustainable substrates/support. Lastly, we summarized the few applications reported on biodegradable polymeric films toward flexible bioelectronic devices and commented on the challenges and future prospects for unexplored sensing and biosensing. 

Review and Perspectives of sustainable, biodegradable, eco-friendly and flexible electronic devices and (Bio)sensors

Advancements to tackle the 21st-century energy crisis are being made focusing majorly on sustainability. Lignin and cellulose comprise major parts of biomass and have plenty of advantages such as abundance, eco-friendliness, cost effectiveness, sustainability, and renewability. Utilizing them as precursors for electrode materials for supercapacitors and batteries is promising. The present review discusses extensively the exploitation of tunable features of different special structures of carbons derived from components of lignin, cellulose, and lignocellulose, and their transformations as electrode materials for supercapacitors and battery applications. The structures have been categorized into carbon nanosheets, carbon nanofibers, hierarchically porous carbon, and heteroatom-doped carbon. Their performance studies with various electrochemical optimizations for energy storage have been discussed comprehensively with a significant emphasis on the structural morphologies of the discussed materials. As the materials also have some limitations, the review highlights a few gaps and challenges to be encountered for further developments with a future perspective in energy storage. 

Review and Perspectives of Sustainable Lignin, Cellulose, and Lignocellulosic Carbon Special Structures for Energy Storage

Herein, we demonstrate the facile, economic and highly scalable conversion of (N, O and Fe)-self-doped heteroatom Solanum melongena (SM) biomass into highly electro-active carbon material for symmetric supercapacitor and zinc-ion hybrid capacitor (ZIHC) applications. The SM is ubiquous agri-bio-waste that inherently possess electro-active constituents and upon conversion resulted in high surface area, self-doped heteroatoms (N, O and Fe) through one step pyrolysis. A synergetic combination of N, O and Fe co-doping and relatively high-surface-area features that offers widespread interfacial active sites for charge storage and fast kinetics of electrochemical reactions in both supercapacitor and battery-type capacitor to maximize energy and power output. The symmetric supercapacitor is fabricated using 6 M KOH, delivering high specific capacitance of 154.64 F/g at 0.1 A/g current density. Long cycling performance of device exhibits 99 % retention over 50,000 charge and discharge cycles at 10 A/g. While SM carbon as the cathode in zinc ion hybrid capacitor (ZIHC) endows excellent Zn2+ ion storage capacity with 2 M ZnSO4·7H2O as electrolyte. The ZIHC delivered an excellent specific capacitance of 313.08 F/g, a substantial energy density output of 141.35 W h/kg and a power density of 6935.38 W/kg. In addition, ZIHC exhibited better cyclic stability with 1.92 % loss over 20,000 charge and discharge cycles at 4 A/g. The ZIHC device delivered excellent output in wearable devices and in lightning the LED (25.04 min). This study provides ubiquitous agri-waste-derived carbon that can be outstanding electrode material in energy storage devices owing to their hierarchal pore configuration, graphitization degree and self-doping of heteroatoms. 

Sustainable conversion of agricultural biomass waste into electrode materials with enhanced energy density for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid capacitors

In recent years, the growing demand for increasingly advanced wearable electronic gadgets has been commonly observed. Modern society is constantly expecting a noticeable development in terms of smart functions, long-term stability, and long-time outdoor operation of portable devices. Excellent flexibility, lightweight nature, and environmental friendliness are no less important aspects of the choice of mobile electronics. Naturally, electronic devices need efficient portable power sources (batteries and supercapacitors) that meet the above-mentioned requirements. However, most of these power sources use plastic substrates for their manufacture. Hence, this review is focused on research attempts to shift energy storage materials toward sustainable and flexible components. We would like to introduce recent scientific achievements in the application of noncellulosic polysaccharides for flexible electrochemical energy storage devices as constituents in composite materials for both batteries and supercapacitors. In this review, we will summarize the introduction of biopolymers for portable power sources as components to provide sustainable as well as flexible substrates, a scaffold of current collectors, electrode binders, gel electrolyte matrices, separators, or binding scaffolds for whole devices. 

Sustainable and Flexible Energy Storage Devices: A Review

Aqueous Zn-metal battery (AZMB) is a promising candidate for future large-scale energy storage with commendable capacity, exceptional safety characteristics, and low cost. Acetonitrile (AN) has been widely used as an effective electrolyte contituent to improve AZMBs' performance. However, its functioning mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we unveiled the critical roles of AN in AZMBs via comparative in-situ electrochemical, gaseous, and morphological analyses. Despite its limited ability to solvate Zn ions, AN modulated Zn-ion solvation sheath with increased anions and decreased water, achieving a weakly-solvating electrolyte. As a result, the Zn||Zn cell with AN addition exhibited a 63 times longer cycle life than cell without AN and achieved a 4 Ah cm-2 accumulated capacity with no H2 generation. In V2O5||Zn cells, for the first time, AN suppressing CO2 generation, elevating CO2-starting voltage from 2→2.44 V (H2: 2.43→2.55 V) was discovered. AN-impeded transit and Zn-side deposition of dissolved vanadium ions, known as "crosstalk," ameliorated inhomogeneous Zn deposition and dendritic Zn growth. At last, we demonstrated a AN-enabled high-areal-capacity AZMB (3.3 mAh cm-2) using high-mass-loading V2O5 cathode (26 mg cm-2). This study shed light on strategy of constructing fast-desolvation electrolytes and offered insights for future electrolyte accommodation for high-voltage AZMB cathodes.

Unveiling the Mysteries: Acetonitrile's Dance with Weakly-Solvating Electrolytes in Shaping Gas Evolution and Electrochemical Performance of Zinc-ion Batteries.

A zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZIHS) is a prospective energy storage device featuring cost-effectiveness, operational safety, environmental friendliness, high-power performance, and satisfied energy density. The sustainability of this ZIHS technology is even improved by introducing biopolymer constituents into the cell construction. Herein, efficient, sustainable, and flexible ZIHSs employing polysaccharide (chitin- or cellulose-based) components are developed. Using green ionic liquid solvents, biopolymer-bound, activated carbon-based cathode materials and hydrogel biopolymer electrolytes containing conductive zinc salts are obtained. According to systematical characterization results, the prepared materials possess favorable functional properties. Biopolymer binders provide homogeneity and integrity within the electrode network and high adhesion to the surface of the current collector. Depending on the type of zinc salt, hydrogel biopolymer electrolytes display high ionic conductivity (up to 46 mS cm−1), expanded electrochemical stability window (up to ca. 2.8 V), and zinc dendrites growth suppression. Biopolymer components assembled with zinc foil electrodes operate efficiently in both coin and pouch ZIHS cell configurations, providing satisfactory energy (45–50 Wh kg−1) and high power (10–20 kW kg−1) density combined with excellent cycle stability. Moreover, these ZIHS pouch-type devices exhibit superior durability and flexibility, withstanding mechanical stress up to 150° bending states with at least 90% of capacitance retention. It suggests a prospect for their application in wearable electronics. 

Chitin and cellulose as constituents of efficient, sustainable, and flexible zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors

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Sustainable and Flexible Energy Storage Devices: A Review

Unveiling the Mysteries: Acetonitrile's Dance with Weakly-Solvating Electrolytes in Shaping Gas Evolution and Electrochemical Performance of Zinc-ion Batteries.

Chitin and cellulose as constituents of efficient, sustainable, and flexible zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors