Bio-integrated wearable systems can measure a broad range of biophysical, biochemical, and environmental signals to provide critical insights into overall health status and to quantify human performance. Recent advances in material science, chemical analysis techniques, device designs, and assembly methods form the foundations for a uniquely differentiated type of wearable technology, characterized by noninvasive, intimate integration with the soft, curved, time-dynamic surfaces of the body. This review summarizes the latest advances in this emerging field of “bio-integrated” technologies in a comprehensive manner that connects fundamental developments in chemistry, material science, and engineering with sensing technologies that have the potential for widespread deployment and societal benefit in human health care. An introduction to the chemistries and materials for the active components of these systems contextualizes essential design considerations for sensors and associated platforms that appear in f...

Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review

This review highlights recent advances towards non-invasive and continuous glucose monitoring devices, with a particular focus placed on monitoring glucose concentrations in alternative physiological fluids to blood.

Glucose Sensing for Diabetes Monitoring: Recent Developments.

Wearable textile electronics are highly desirable for realizing personalized health management. However, most reported textile electronics can either periodically target a single physiological signal or miss the explicit details of the signals, leading to a partial health assessment. Furthermore, textiles with excellent property and comfort still remain a challenge. Here, we report a triboelectric all-textile sensor array with high pressure sensitivity and comfort. It exhibits the pressure sensitivity (7.84 mV Pa-1), fast response time (20 ms), stability (>100,000 cycles), wide working frequency bandwidth (up to 20 Hz), and machine washability (>40 washes). The fabricated TATSAs were stitched into different parts of clothes to monitor the arterial pulse waves and respiratory signals simultaneously. We further developed a health monitoring system for long-term and noninvasive assessment of cardiovascular disease and sleep apnea syndrome, which exhibits great advancement for quantitative analysis of some chronic diseases.

Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring.

Flexible electronic devices that are lightweight and wearable are critical for personal healthcare systems, which are not restricted by time and space. To monitor human bio-signals in a non-invasive manner, skin-conforming, highly sensitive, reliable, and sustainable healthcare monitoring devices are required. In this review, we introduce flexible and wearable sensors based on engineered functional nano/micro-materials with unique sensing capabilities for detection of physical and electrophysiological vital signs of humans. In addition, we investigate key factors for the development of user-interactive healthcare devices that are customizable, wearable, skin-conforming, and monolithic (design), and have long-term monitoring capability with sustainable power sources. Finally, we describe potential challenges of developing current wearable healthcare devices for applications in fitness, medical diagnosis, prosthetics, and robotics.

Wearable and flexible sensors for user-interactive health-monitoring devices.

High-performance stretchable and wearable electronic skins (E-skins) with high sensitivity and a large sensing range are urgently required with the rapid development of the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Herein, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polyaniline wrapped sponge is prepared via rGO coating and the in situ synthesis of polyaniline nanowires (PANI NWs) on the backbones of sponge for the fabrication of pressure sensors. From the as-prepared flexible sensor, tunable sensitivity (0.042 to 0.152 kPa-1), wide working range (0-27 kPa), fast response (∼96 ms), high current output (∼300 μA at 1 V), frequency-dependent performance reliable repeatability (∼9000 cycle) and stable signal waveform output can be readily obtained. In addition to tiny physiological activities (voice recognition, swallowing, mouth opening, blowing and breath), robust human motions (finger bending, elbow movement and knee squatting-arising) can also be detected in real-time by the flexible sensors based on rGO/polyaniline wrapped sponge. All the results demonstrate that the flexible pressure sensor based on the functional-sponge is a promising candidate for healthcare monitoring and wearable circuitry in artificial intelligence.

A flexible pressure sensor based on rGO/polyaniline wrapped sponge with tunable sensitivity for human motion detection.

Recently developed classes of electronics for biomedical applications exploit substrates that offer low elastic modulus and high stretchability, to allow intimate, mechanically biocompatible integration with soft biological tissues. A challenge is that such substrates do not generally offer protection of the electronics from high peak strains that can occur upon large-scale deformation, thereby creating a potential for device failure. The results presented here establish a simple route to compliant substrates with strain-limiting mechanics based on approaches that complement those of recently described alternatives. Here, a thin film or mesh of a high modulus material transferred onto a prestrained compliant substrate transforms into wrinkled geometry upon release of the prestrain. The structure formed by this process offers a low elastic modulus at small strain due to the small effective stiffness of the wrinkled film or mesh; it has a high tangent modulus (e.g., >1000 times the elastic modulus) at large strain, as the wrinkles disappear and the film/mesh returns to a flat geometry. This bilinear stress-strain behavior has an extremely sharp transition point, defined by the magnitude of the prestrain. A theoretical model yields analytical expressions for the elastic and tangent moduli and the transition strain of the bilinear stress-strain relation, with quantitative correspondence to finite element analysis and experiments.

/pdf/design-of-strain-limiting-substrate-materials-for-2jyz3ilk8z.pdf

Design of Strain-Limiting Substrate Materials for Stretchable and Flexible Electronics

This paper introduces a class of ferromagnetic, folded, soft composite material for skin-interfaced electrodes with releasable interfaces to stretchable, wireless electronic measurement systems. These electrodes establish intimate, adhesive contacts to the skin, in dimensionally stable formats compatible with multiple days of continuous operation, with several key advantages over conventional hydrogel based alternatives. The reported studies focus on aspects ranging from ferromagnetic and mechanical behavior of the materials systems, to electrical properties associated with their skin interface, to system-level integration for advanced electrophysiological monitoring applications. The work combines experimental measurement and theoretical modeling to establish the key design considerations. These concepts have potential uses across a diverse set of skin-integrated electronic technologies.

Ferromagnetic, Folded Electrode Composite as a Soft Interface to the Skin for Long‐Term Electrophysiological Recording

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Design of Strain-Limiting Substrate Materials for Stretchable and Flexible Electronics

Ferromagnetic, Folded Electrode Composite as a Soft Interface to the Skin for Long‐Term Electrophysiological Recording