This systematic review examines critically the scientific basis for Canada's Physical Activity Guide for Healthy Active Living for adults. Particular reference is given to the dose-response relationship between physical activity and premature all-cause mortality and seven chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, colon cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) and osteoporosis). The strength of the relationship between physical activity and specific health outcomes is evaluated critically. Literature was obtained through searching electronic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE), cross-referencing, and through the authors' knowledge of the area. For inclusion in our systematic review articles must have at least 3 levels of physical activity and the concomitant risk for each chronic disease. The quality of included studies was appraised using a modified Downs and Black tool. Through this search we identified a total of 254 articles that met the eligibility criteria related to premature all-cause mortality (N = 70), cardiovascular disease (N = 49), stroke (N = 25), hypertension (N = 12), colon cancer (N = 33), breast cancer (N = 43), type 2 diabetes (N = 20), and osteoporosis (N = 2). Overall, the current literature supports clearly the dose-response relationship between physical activity and the seven chronic conditions identified. Moreover, higher levels of physical activity reduce the risk for premature all-cause mortality. The current Canadian guidelines appear to be appropriate to reduce the risk for the seven chronic conditions identified above and all-cause mortality.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-the-evidence-for-canada-s-physical-re7f6s0c5u.pdf

A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults.

Background: The beneficial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on mortality are well known; however, the relation of muscular fitness, specifically muscular strength and endurance, to mortality risk has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of the current study is to determine if a dose-response relation exists between muscular fitness and mortality after controlling for factors such as age and cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: The study included 9105 men and women, 20–82 years of age, in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who have completed at least one medical examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, TX between 1981 and 1989. The exam included a muscular fitness assessment, based on 1-min sit-up and 1-repetition maximal leg and bench press scores, and a maximal treadmill test. We conducted mortality follow-up through 1996 primarily using the National Death Index, with a total follow-up of 106,046 person-years. All-cause mortality rates were examined across low, moderate, and high muscular ...

/pdf/muscular-fitness-and-all-cause-mortality-prospective-28tw8m8xbl.pdf

Muscular Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: Prospective Observations

Purposetocomparetheeffectsoffunctionalhomeexerciseofrepeatedsit-to-standswithlow-intensityprogressiveresistance training, on performance measures in mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age. Setting participants’ homes. Design community-dwelling older adults ≥80 years of age were invited to participate in a randomised controlled clinical trial. Baseline and outcome measures were: comfortable gait velocity, 30-s chair-stand test, 15-s step test, Berg Balance Scale, Modified Falls Efficacy Scale and the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument—function component. Participants randomised to the intervention group performed repeated sit-to-stands using a GrandStand System  ; a biofeedback device that recorded and displayed the number of repetitions performed. Participants randomised to the control group performed knee extensions using ankle cuff weights. Both groups performed the exercises daily for 6 weeks. Results sixty-six older adults took part. The intervention group had a statistically significant improvement in Berg Balance Scale mean score, 1.67 ± 2.64 points, P = 0.001 (control group 0.73 ± 3.63 points, P = 0.258), indicating an improvement in balance over the 6-week exercise period. There was no statistically significant effect of either intervention on the other outcome measures. Conclusions in a highly variable population of older adults with mobility limitations, low-intensity functional home exercise of repeated sit-to-stands using the GrandStand System  improved Berg Balance Scale score while low-intensity progressive resistance training did not. While statistically significant, the improvement in Berg Balance Scale score was modest raising the issue of what extent of change in score is clinically significant in this population.

/pdf/sit-to-stand-as-home-exercise-for-mobility-limited-adults-rgnnl35v9b.pdf

Sit-to-stand as home exercise for mobility-limited adults over 80 years of age--GrandStand System may keep you standing?

Summary INTRODUCTION: In affluent countries habitual physical activity (PA) levels are low while participation of middle- aged people in road running events is increasing. We com- pared PA determinants of runners aged 50+ to those of a general population sample of similar age in Switzerland. METHOD: Cross-sectional study comparing 580 road run- ning event participants to 1,067 general population sub- jects. Binary logistic regression was used to predict group membership and multinomial logistic regression to de- scribe relationships between regular PA levels, health and socio-economic status, adjusted for age, marital status and sex. RESULTS: There was better health status, higher socio- economic position, less obesity and less depression in the runners than in the general population. People in self-repor- ted "poor / very poor" and "good" health categories were less likely than the "excellent/very good" category to en- gage in vigorous regular PA compared to moderate regular PA. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the association of PA with better health and higher socio-economic status in people aged 50+ but do not allow conclusions on causal- ity. Further research and managerial effort should be ex- panded to develop programmes for the inactive popula- tion. New and existing prevention programmes should be undertaken to increase the awareness of target audien- ces. Popular road running events should be seen as having important public health potential and should be fostered.

/pdf/self-reported-health-physical-activity-and-socio-economic-4cr08wqtek.pdf

Self-reported health, physical activity and socio-economic status of middle-aged and elderly participants to a popular road running race in Switzerland: better off than the general population?

BackgroundMuscular strength is a key parameter of rehabilitation programs and a strong predictor of functional capacity. Traditional methods to measure strength, such as manual muscle testing (MMT) and hand-held dynamometry (HHD), are limited by the strength and experience of the tester. The Performance Recorder 1 (PR1) is a strength assessment tool attached to resistance training equipment and may be a time- and cost-effective tool to measure strength in clinical practice that overcomes some limitations of MMT and HHD. However, reliability and validity of the PR1 have not been reported. Methods: Test-retest and inter-rater reliability was assessed using the PR1 in healthy adults (n  =  15) during isometric knee flexion and extension. Criterion-related validity was assessed through comparison of values obtained from the PR1 and Biodex® isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Test-retest reliability was excellent for peak knee flexion (intra-class correlation coefficient [ICC] of 0.96, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99) and kne...

Reliability and validity of the Performance Recorder 1 for measuring isometric knee flexor and extensor strength

Muscular strength and physical function.

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Muscular strength and physical function.