The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions – A review

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or human proteins to control viral infection, encompassing hundreds of potential drugs and thousands of patients in clinical trials. So far, a few small-molecule antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir) and 11 monoclonal antibodies have been marketed for the treatment of COVID-19, mostly requiring administration within 10 days of symptom onset. In addition, hospitalized patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may benefit from treatment with previously approved immunomodulatory drugs, including glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, cytokine antagonists such as tocilizumab and Janus kinase inhibitors such as baricitinib. Here, we summarize progress with COVID-19 drug discovery, based on accumulated findings since the pandemic began and a comprehensive list of clinical and preclinical inhibitors with anti-coronavirus activities. We also discuss the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases with regard to drug repurposing strategies, pan-coronavirus drug targets, in vitro assays and animal models, and platform trial design for the development of therapeutics to tackle COVID-19, long COVID and pathogenic coronaviruses in future outbreaks. 

/pdf/therapeutic-strategies-for-covid-19-progress-and-lessons-pve00tgf.pdf

Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned

The main objective of the study was to investigate the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachate with different landfill ages through the chemical, spectroscopic, and elemental analysis. Humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and hydrophilic (HyI) fractions were isolated and purified by the XAD-8 resin combined with the cation exchange resin method. The analytical results of fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) revealed that the fluorescence peaks were protein-like fluorescence for young landfill leachate, while the fluorescence peaks for medium and old landfill leachate were humic-like and fulvic-like fluorescence, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen content decreased with landfill age, while the oxygen content increased. Moreover, the nitrogen content in these isolated fractions followed: HA > HyI > FA. The results of elemental analysis, FT-IR, and fluorescence EEMs also confirmed that aromatic carbons and portions of aliphatic functional groups were more abundant in leachate samples with increasing landfill age.

/pdf/characteristics-of-dissolved-organic-matter-dom-in-leachate-2h3imrxg0f.pdf

Characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in leachate with different landfill ages.

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste in bioreactor landfills

Properties and characterization of green one-part geopolymer activated by composite activators

Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating viral host receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)1, could represent a new chemoprophylactic approach for COVID-19 that complements vaccination2,3. However, the mechanisms that control the expression of ACE2 remain unclear. Here we show that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a direct regulator of ACE2 transcription in several tissues affected by COVID-19, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. We then use the over-the-counter compound z-guggulsterone and the off-patent drug ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to reduce FXR signalling and downregulate ACE2 in human lung, cholangiocyte and intestinal organoids and in the corresponding tissues in mice and hamsters. We show that the UDCA-mediated downregulation of ACE2 reduces susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, in vivo and in human lungs and livers perfused ex situ. Furthermore, we reveal that UDCA reduces the expression of ACE2 in the nasal epithelium in humans. Finally, we identify a correlation between UDCA treatment and positive clinical outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection using retrospective registry data, and confirm these findings in an independent validation cohort of recipients of liver transplants. In conclusion, we show that FXR has a role in controlling ACE2 expression and provide evidence that modulation of this pathway could be beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection, paving the way for future clinical trials. 

/pdf/fxr-inhibition-may-protect-from-sars-cov-2-infection-by-3khlrkoc.pdf

FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2

A laboratory column test and a large lysimeter reactor were set up to simulate thebehaviour of MBP waste disposal in different concept landfills. In particular, threedifferent options were used to study the reduction of long term environmental impact andto reach the sustainability: mechanical-biological pretreatment waste disposal, natural andforced aeration and flushing. The lab-scale test was set up to compare the differentbehaviour of waste with anerobic, aerobic and semiaerobic conditions, flushing. Thelysimeter reactor simulated the combination of the three different options (PAF model).The results presented in this paper show that this combination seems to synergize thepositive effects in terms of leachate and gas emissions.

/pdf/experimental-reduction-of-landfill-emissions-based-on-56foyrqfev.pdf

Experimental reduction of landfill emissions based on different concepts: the paf model

http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd43/raga.pdf

The PAF model: an integrated approach for landfill sustainability.

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FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2

Experimental reduction of landfill emissions based on different concepts: the paf model

The PAF model: an integrated approach for landfill sustainability.