物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Most programs today are written not by professional software developers, but by people with expertise in other domains working towards goals for which they need computational support. For example, a teacher might write a grading spreadsheet to save time grading, or an interaction designer might use an interface builder to test some user interface design ideas. Although these end-user programmers may not have the same goals as professional developers, they do face many of the same software engineering challenges, including understanding their requirements, as well as making decisions about design, reuse, integration, testing, and debugging. This article summarizes and classifies research on these activities, defining the area of End-User Software Engineering (EUSE) and related terminology. The article then discusses empirical research about end-user software engineering activities and the technologies designed to support them. The article also addresses several crosscutting issues in the design of EUSE tools, including the roles of risk, reward, and domain complexity, and self-efficacy in the design of EUSE tools and the potential of educating users about software engineering principles.

/pdf/the-state-of-the-art-in-end-user-software-engineering-4dyszkiskr.pdf

The state of the art in end-user software engineering

Current interactive user interface construction tools are often more of a hindrance than a benefit during the early stages of user interface design. These tools take too much time to use and force designers to specify more of the design details than they wish to at this early stage. Most interface designers, especially those who have a background in graphic design, prefer to sketch early interface ideas on paper or on a white-board. We are developing an interactive tool that allows designers to quickly sketch an interface using an electronic pad and stylus. Our tool preserves the important properties of paper: A rough drawing can be produced very quickly and the medium is very flexible. However, unlike a paper sketch this electronic sketch can easily be exercised and modified. In addition, our system allows designers to examine, annotate, and edit a complete history of the design. When the designer is satisfied with this early prototype, the system can transform the sketch into a complete, finished interface in a specified look-and-feel. This transformation takes place with the guidance of the designer. By supporting the early design phases of the software life-cycle, our tool should both ease the prototyping of user interfaces and improve the speed with which a final interface can be created.

/pdf/interactive-sketching-for-the-early-stages-of-user-interface-2bt1i0hesu.pdf

Interactive sketching for the early stages of user interface design

Object-oriented analysis

3. Classes should hide their data, we call this encapsulation, only providing a small number of controlled methods or functions in the interface for accessing that data. These factors taken together enable separation of interface from implementation. The actual designs of the algorithms employed inside the classes can be changed as better, more efficient algorithms are found. After a design is complete, changes in a class implementation must not affect its interface. The effect on current and future users is then only in terms of efficiency: their applications need not be recoded to take advantage of the new class implementation. The advantages of separation of interface from implementation include rapid prototyping and graceful refinement. See Fig. 3.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design.

Create mobile services and applications regardless of your computer programming knowledge. This extraordinary book introduces you to App Inventor for Android, a powerful tool that exposes you to the world of computer programming, so you can create technology rather than merely consume it. You don't need years of training to build your own Android apps. This book teaches you how to quickly design and code apps for anything from texting to location awareness to data storage on the Web, using App Inventor's unique visual interface. Ideal for beginning and intermediate Android developers, hobbyists and makers, and students of any age, App Inventor will help you turn your great idea into a full-functioning app in no time. * Take advantage of App Inventor's GPS-location sensor: Build an app shows the location of friends or colleagues at a concert or conference, or one that gives you a custom tour of your school, workplace, or a museum. * Use an Android device's phone features: Write an app that periodically texts "missing you" to loved ones, an app that responds to texts automatically when you're driving, and an app that reads incoming texts aloud. * Communicate with the Web: Create Android apps that talk to your favorite web sites, such as Amazon and Twitter.

App Inventor: Create Your Own Android Apps

Educators are often seeking new ways to motivate or inspire students to learn. Our past efforts in K-12 outreach included robotics and media computation as the contexts for teaching Computer Science (CS). With the deep interest in mobile technologies among teenagers, our recent outreach has focused on using smartphones as a new context. This paper is an experience report describing our approach and observations from teaching a summer camp for high school students using App Inventor (AI). The paper describes two separate methods (one using a visual block language, and another using Java) that were taught to high school students as a way to create Android applications. We observed that initiating the instruction with the block language, and then showing the direct mapping to an equivalent Java version, assisted students in understanding app development in Java. Our evaluation of the camp includes observations of student work and artifact assessment of student projects. Although the assessment suggests the camp was successful in several areas, we present numerous lessons learned based on our own reflection on the camp content and instruction.

/pdf/using-app-inventor-in-a-k-12-summer-camp-r94famcbye.pdf

Using app inventor in a K-12 summer camp

Mobile phone programming can provide an authentic and engaging hook into computer science With App Inventor, developed by Google and recently moved to MIT, programming Android apps is as easy as clicking blocks together App Inventor has been used successfully in after school programs, roadshows, summer camps, teacher workshops, and computer science classrooms from middle school through college In this tutorial, participants will get an overview of App Inventor including project ideas and sample curriculum In addition, the new CS Principles project will be introduced to participants, including a discussion of the Big Ideas and Learning Objectives that have been defined by the College Board and NSF Specifically, the use of App Inventor as a platform for teaching CS Principles will be discussed with examples from an official Principles pilot effort within Alabama A virtual panel with App Inventor experts will allow participants to interact and ask questions about the exciting opportunities available with App Inventor

Teaching CS principles with app inventor

This paper presents a demonstrational interface builder with improved reasoning capabilities. The system is comprised of two major components: an interactive display manager and a rule-based reasoner. The display manager provides facilities to draw the physical appearance of an interface and define interface behavior by graphical demonstration. The behavior is defined using a technique of stimulus-response demonstrations. With this technique, an interface developer first demonstrates a stimulus that represents an action that an end user will perform on the interface. After the stimulus, the developer demonstrates the response(s) that should result from the given stimulus. As the behavior is demonstrated, the reasoner observes the demonstrations and draws inferences to expedite behavior definition. The inferences entail generalizing from specific behavior demonstrations and identifying constraints that define the generalized behavior. Once behavior constraints are identified, the reasoner sends them to the display manager to complete the definition process. When the interface is executed by an end-user, the display manager uses the constraints to implement the run-time behavior of the interface.

Adding rule-based reasoning to a demonstrational interface builder

The development of user inteijaces is often facilitated by the use of a drawing editor. The user interface specialist draws pictures of the different “states” of the inte~ace and passes these specifications on to the programmer. The user interface specialist might also use the drawing editor to demonstrate to the programmer the interactive behavior that the interface should exhibit; that is, he might demonstrate to the programmer the actions that an end-user can pe~orm, and the graphical manner by which the application should respond to the end-user’s stimuli. From the specljications, and the in-person demonstrations, the programmer implements a protoppe of the interface. DEMO is a User Interface Development System (UIDS) that eliminates the programmer from the above process. Using an enhanced drawing editor, the user interface specialist demonstrates the actions of the end-user and the system, just as he would if the programmer were watching. However no programmer is necessary: DEMO recorak these demonstrations, makes generalizations from them, and automatically generates a prototype of the inte~ace. Key Phrases: User Interface Development System

A demonstrational technique for developing interfaces with dynamically created objects

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