Evolutionary psychology is one of many biologically informed approaches to the study of human behavior. Along with cognitive psychologists, evolutionary psychologists propose that much, if not all, of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. What distinguishes evolutionary psychologists from many cognitive psychologists is the proposal that the relevant internal mechanisms are adaptations—products of natural selection—that helped our ancestors get around the world, survive and reproduce. To understand the central claims of evolutionary psychology we require an understanding of some key concepts in evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, philosophy of science and philosophy of mind. Philosophers are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons. For philosophers of science —mostly philosophers of biology—evolutionary psychology provides a critical target. There is a broad consensus among philosophers of science that evolutionary psychology is a deeply flawed enterprise. For philosophers of mind and cognitive science evolutionary psychology has been a source of empirical hypotheses about cognitive architecture and specific components of that architecture. Philosophers of mind are also critical of evolutionary psychology but their criticisms are not as all-encompassing as those presented by philosophers of biology. Evolutionary psychology is also invoked by philosophers interested in moral psychology both as a source of empirical hypotheses and as a critical target.

/pdf/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy-1wqoykisq0.pdf

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The purpose of this paper is to defend the systematic introduction of formal ontological principles in the current practice of knowledge engineering, to explore the various relationships between ontology and knowledge representation, and to present the recent trends in this promising research area. According to the "modelling view" of knowledge acquisition proposed by Clancey, the modelling activity must establish a correspondence between a knowledge base and two separate subsystems: the agent's behaviour (i.e. the problem-solving expertise ) and its own environment (the problem domain ). Current knowledge modelling methodologies tend to focus on the former sub-system only, viewing domain knowledge as strongly dependent on the particular task at hand: in fact, AI researchers seem to have been much more interested in the nature of reasoning rather than in the nature of the real world. Recently, however, the potential value of task-independent knowledge bases (or "ontologies") suitable to large scale integration has been underlined in many ways. In this paper, we compare the dichotomy between reasoning and representation to the philosophical distinction between epistemology and ontology. We introduce the notion of the ontological level, intermediate between the epistemological and the conceptual levels discussed by Brachman, as a way to characterize a knowledge representation formalism taking into account the intended meaning of its primitives. We then discuss some formal ontologic distinctions which may play an important role for such purpose.

/pdf/formal-ontology-conceptual-analysis-and-knowledge-1dtvqbnbdc.pdf

Formal ontology, conceptual analysis and knowledge representation

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog1401_3

Principles of Object Perception

Introduction 1. Experiential Highlighting 2. What is Knowledge of Reference? 3. Space and Action 4. Sortals 5. Sense 6. The Relational View of Experience 7. The Explanatory Role of Consciousness 8. Joint Attention 9. Memory Demonstratives 10. The Anti-Realist Alternative 11. Indeterminacy and Inscrutability 12. Dispositional vs. Categorical Bibliography Index

Reference and consciousness

Objects and attention: the state of the art

1. The absoluteness of sameness 2. Outline of a theory of individuation 3. Sortal concepts: their characteristic activity or function or purpose 4. Essentialism and conceptualism 5. Conceptualism and realism 6. Vagueness, determinacy and identity: a conceptualist proposal 7. Personal identity.

/pdf/sameness-and-substance-renewed-1vmra7517b.pdf

Sameness and Substance Renewed

I: Claims of Need II: Universalizability, Impartiality, Truth III: Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life IV: Truth as Predicated of Moral Judgments V: A Sensible Subjectivism VI: Deliberation and Practical Reason VII: Weakness of Will, Commensurability and the Objects of Deliberation and Desire VIII: Towards a Reasonable Libertarianism IX: The Concern to Survive Postscript to Essays I-IX X: Incommensurability: Four Proposals Index

Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value

Les questions de la verite et du sens de la vie sont-elles les questions centrales de la philosophie morale?.

Truth, invention, and the meaning of life

On being in the same place at the same time

* Preface I. Morality: Its Motive and Content * Overview * Glaucon's and Adeimantus' interrogation of Socrates * Hume's genealogy of morals * Hume's theory extended * From Hume to Kant * The laws of morality as the laws of freedom and the laws of freedom as the laws of morality * Classical utilitarianism * A fresh argument for utilitarianism * The consequentialist argument * A first-order ethic of solidarity and reciprocity II. Justice Introductory note * Neo-Aristotelian reflections on justice III. Metaethics Introductory note * Objectivity in ethics * Miscellanea metaethica Concluding overview A note on five texts Index

Ethics: Twelve Lectures on the Philosophy of Morality

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