/pdf/micro-total-analysis-systems-1-introduction-theory-and-27f7corp18.pdf

Micro Total Analysis Systems. 1. Introduction, Theory, and Technology

The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 85

Bones of recent mammals in the Amboseli Basin, southern Kenya, exhibit distinctive weathering characteristics that can be related to the time since death and to the local conditions of temperature, humidity and soil chemistry. A categorization of weathering characteristics into six stages, recognizable on descriptive criteria, provides a basis for investigation of weathering rates and processes. The time necessary to achieve each successive weathering stage has been calibrated using known-age carcasses. Most bones decompose beyond recognition in 10 to 15 yr. Bones of animals under 100 kg and juveniles appear to weather more rapidly than bones of large animals or adults. Small-scale rather than widespread environmental factors seem to have greatest influence on weathering characteristics and rates. Bone weathering is potentially valuable as evidence for the period of time represented in recent or fossil bone assemblages, in- cluding those on archeological sites, and may also be an important tool in censusing populations of animals in modern ecosystems.

Taphonomic and Ecologic Information Form Bone Weathering

Predicting which species will occur together in the future, and where, remains one of the greatest challenges in ecology, and requires a sound understanding of how the abiotic and biotic environments interact with dispersal processes and history across scales. Biotic interactions and their dynamics influence species' relationships to climate, and this also has important implications for predicting future distributions of species. It is already well accepted that biotic interactions shape species' spatial distributions at local spatial extents, but the role of these interactions beyond local extents (e.g. 10 km2 to global extents) are usually dismissed as unimportant. In this review we consolidate evidence for how biotic interactions shape species distributions beyond local extents and review methods for integrating biotic interactions into species distribution modelling tools. Drawing upon evidence from contemporary and palaeoecological studies of individual species ranges, functional groups, and species richness patterns, we show that biotic interactions have clearly left their mark on species distributions and realised assemblages of species across all spatial extents. We demonstrate this with examples from within and across trophic groups. A range of species distribution modelling tools is available to quantify species environmental relationships and predict species occurrence, such as: (i) integrating pairwise dependencies, (ii) using integrative predictors, and (iii) hybridising species distribution models (SDMs) with dynamic models. These methods have typically only been applied to interacting pairs of species at a single time, require a priori ecological knowledge about which species interact, and due to data paucity must assume that biotic interactions are constant in space and time. To better inform the future development of these models across spatial scales, we call for accelerated collection of spatially and temporally explicit species data. Ideally, these data should be sampled to reflect variation in the underlying environment across large spatial extents, and at fine spatial resolution. Simplified ecosystems where there are relatively few interacting species and sometimes a wealth of existing ecosystem monitoring data (e.g. arctic, alpine or island habitats) offer settings where the development of modelling tools that account for biotic interactions may be less difficult than elsewhere.

/pdf/the-role-of-biotic-interactions-in-shaping-distributions-and-e49xst0zpo.pdf

The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling

The new Conductivity Bridge derives its bridge source. voltage from a self-contained vacuum tube oscilltor adjusted to approximately 1,000 cycles. Voltage for the amplifier and null indicator tubes is provided by a.builtin D.C. power supply which operates directly from the A.C. power source. 9-324 Conductivity Bridge, without Conductivity Cell, for use with 110 volts 5060 cycle A.C. 9-351.Cosi~uCvity Cell, for use with Conductivity Bridge, constant 0.8, $20.00

The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation.

25 p. : ill., 1 map ; 26 cm.
"August 28, 2009."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-25).

Kinkonychelys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar. (American Museum novitates, no. 3662)

The discovery of mammalian specimens in Cenomanian and Maestrichtian deposits of Texas and New Jersey, respectively, documents the only known occurrences of Late Cretaceous mammals in North America east of the Western Interior Seaway. The Cenomanian specimens from Texas provide the first pre-Campanian Late Cretaceous records of multituberculate and therian mam- mals in North America and the geologically earliest record of the Taeniolabidoidea (Multituberculata).

Late cretaceous mammals east of the north american western interior seaway

Simosuchus clarki is a bizarre, pug-nosed notosuchian crocodyliform known only from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation in the Mahajanga Basin of northwestern Madagascar. When originally named and described in 2000, S. clarki was based entirely on a single specimen that included a nearly complete skull and lower jaw preserved in articulation with the anterior and mid-trunk portions of the postcranial skeleton, as well as several associated elements from the posterior region. The species is now represented by three additional partial and nearly complete articulated skeletons, as well as numerous isolated elements (mostly teeth), that permit detailed description of its entire bony anatomy, the primary subject of other chapters in this volume. These specimens were discovered as part of the ‘Mahajanga Basin Project,’ initiated in 1993 and conducted jointly by Stony Brook University and the Universite d'Antananarivo, in the Berivotra and Masiakakoho study areas. The best-preserved...

Overview of the Discovery, Distribution, and Geological Context of Simosuchus clarki (Crocodyliformes: Notosuchia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar

The enamel ultrastructure of multituberculate mammals has been sampled extensively and studied intensively and is better known than for any other group of early mammals. The enamel of the earliest multituberculates, those of the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic suborder Haramiyoidea and the Late Jurassic-early Early Cretaceous suborder Plagiaulacoidea, is "preprismatic." With only two exceptions, all Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary genera of multituberculates examined have prismatic enamel. Prisms are either small with circular (complete) boundaries or large with arc-shaped (incomplete) boundaries. There is a remarkably consistent relationship between enamel ultrastructural type and subordinal taxa in that small, circular prisms are usually found within the suborder Ptilodontoidea and large, arc-shaped prisms are usually found in the suborder Taeniolabidoidea and in six Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary genera of indeterminate subordinal status. Research currently in progress suggests that both small, circular prisms and large, arc-shaped prisms are homologous in all multituberculates in which they occur, with one exception. Neoliotomus, a taeniolabidoid, appears to have evolved small, circular prisms independently. In addition, it appears that large, arc-shaped prisms represent the primitive condition in multituberculates with prismatic enamel, not small, circular prisms as has been proposed previously.

The enamel ultrastructure of multituberculate mammals: a review.

Multituberculates from the Clarkforkian land-mammal age, late Paleocene-early Eocene, of western North America

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