Barium titanate (BTO) is a ferroelectric material used in capacitors because of its high bulk dielectric constant. However, the impact of the size of BTO on its dielectric constant is not yet fully understood and is highly contested. Here, we present an investigation into the dielectric constant of BTO nanoparticles with diameters ranging between 50 and 500 nm. BTO nanoparticles were incorporated into acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and injection molded into parallel plate capacitors, which were used to determine nanocomposite dielectric constants. The dielectric constants of BTO nanoparticles were obtained by combining experimental measurements with computational results from COMSOL simulations of ABS-matrix nanocomposites containing BTO. The dielectric constant of BTO was observed to be relatively constant at nanoparticle diameters as small as 200 nm but sharply declined at smaller nanoparticle sizes. These results will be useful in the development of improved energy storage and power conditioning systems utilizing BTO nanoparticles. Graphical abstract

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Investigating the dielectric constant of barium titanate in a polymer-matrix nanocomposite

Barium titanate (BT) recently gained new interest in the preparation of dielectric and piezoelectric lead-free materials for applications in sensors, electronics, energy harvesting and storage fields. Barium titanate nanocomposites can achieve attractive performance, provided that the compatibility between ceramic particles and polymeric matrices is enhanced to the benefit of the physical properties of the final composite. Tuning the particle–matrix interface through particle functionalization represents a viable solution. In this work, surface functionalization of BT nanoparticles (NPs), obtained by hydrothermal synthesis, with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-[(acetoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]triethoxysilane and triethoxysilylpropoxy(polyethyleneoxy)dodecanoate, was performed after optimizing the hydroxylation process of the NPs to improve their surface reactivity and increase the yield of grafting. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis were used to quantify the molecules grafted onto the ceramic nanoparticles. Both bare and functionalized particles were employed in the realization of epoxy- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based nanocomposites. Functionalization was proven to be beneficial for particle dispersibility and effective for particle alignment in the PDMS matrix. Moreover, the dielectric constant measurements revealed the potential of PDMS-based nanocomposites for applications in the field of dielectric elastomers.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/19/6499/pdf?version=1665538944

Barium Titanate Functionalization with Organosilanes: Effect on Particle Compatibility and Permittivity in Nanocomposites


 The RE-ST-FE and RE-BT-FE/FR composites have been prepared and characterized using time domain spectroscopy method in the [DC-12.5] GHz range. The dielectric, magnetic, and electrical properties of the ternary composites have been investigated. In the RE-ST-FE composite, the dielectric permittivity (ε’) has been found to decrease from 9.25 to 3.70 with increase in FE concentration. While it has been observed that the electrical conductivity increases as the ST concentration increases reaching a value of 11.6 (mS / m) and shows a percolation behavior with (Vth = 26,9% ST). In the RE-BT-FE/FR composites, the magnetization hysteresis loops have been measured by vibrating sample magnetometer from -3 to +3 kOe. This has made it possible to have a maximum of saturation magnetization equal 29.3 emu/g and the permeability value close to 1.9 with the RE-BT-FR composite which is considered higher than that of the other one. It was found that an increase in the (FE/FR) concentration increases the magnetic permeability, which is confirmed by the modified Lichtenecker law with error ratio less than 0.5%. The results of this study will undoubtedly yield new materials that can be used to miniaturize electronic components used in telecommunications systems, resonators, antennas and wave absorbers.

Investigation on Dielectric, Electric, and Magnetic Properties of (Epoxy Resin-Titanate-Oxide/Ferrite) Ternary Composites at Microwave Frequency

Surface chemistry significantly influences the physicochemical and functional properties of nanoparticles, thus necessitating the investigation of surfaces, especially when subjected to chemisorption. Seeking a method that delivers both high‐resolution imaging and precise chemical information, tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) emerges as a critical technique. By the combination of scanning probe microscopy with Raman spectroscopy, TERS effectively addresses the limitations of traditional optical microscopes in the study of nanoparticles. The results provide detailed nanoscale structural insights, shed light on surface chemistry, and enable the detection of Raman‐forbidden modes caused by the substantial electric field at the tip apex (≈3 × 108 V m−1). This electric field plays a crucial role in altering selection rules, thereby broadening the scope of TERS beyond merely detecting Raman modes. By combining topographical with TERS mapping, the presence of a carbonate monolayer on the barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticle surface is unveiled – an observation elusive to common characterization techniques.

Direct Observation of Carbonate Chemisorption on Barium Titanate Surfaces by Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Barium titanate (BTO) is a ferroelectric perovskite used in electronics and energy storage systems because of its high dielectric constant. Decreasing the BTO particle size was shown to increase the dielectric constant of the perovskite, which is an intriguing but contested result. We investigated this result by fabricating silicone-matrix nanocomposite specimens containing BTO particles of decreasing diameter. Furthermore, density functional theory modeling was used to understand the interactions at the BTO particle surface. Combining results from experiments and modeling indicated that polymer type, particle surface interactions, and particle surface structure can influence the dielectric properties of polymer-matrix nanocomposites containing BTO. The dielectric properties, surfaces, and interfaces of silicone-matrix nanocomposites containing barium titanate particles were investigated through experimental measurements of fabricated specimens, finite element modeling of the nanocomposites, and density functional theory simulations of surface interactions on barium titanate. The dielectric properties, surfaces, and interfaces of silicone-matrix nanocomposites containing barium titanate particles were investigated through experimental measurements of fabricated specimens, finite element modeling of the nanocomposites, and density functional theory simulations of surface interactions on barium titanate.

Understanding Surfaces and Interfaces inNanocomposites of Silicone and Barium Titanatethrough Experiments and Modeling


 Barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles show great potential for use in electrostatic capacitors with high energy density. This includes both polymer composite and sintered capacitors. However, questions about the nanoparticles' size distribution, amount of agglomeration, and surface ligand effect on performance properties remain. Reducing particle agglomeration is a crucial step to understanding the properties of nanoscale particles, as agglomeration has significant effects on the composite dielectric constant. BTO surface functionalization using phosphonic acids is known reduce BTO nanoparticles agglomeration. We explore solution synthesized 10 nm BTO particles with tert-butylphosphonic acid ligands. Recent methods to quantifying agglomeration using an epoxy matrix before imaging shows that tert-butylphosphonic acid ligands reduce BTO agglomeration by 33%. Thermometric, spectroscopic, and computational methods provide confirmation of ligand binding and provide evidence of multiple ligand binding modes on the BTO particle surface.

Surface Functionalized Barium Titanate Nanoparticles: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

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Surface Functionalized Barium Titanate Nanoparticles: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study