Current estimates of rates of soil erosion by water derived from plots are incompatible with estimates of long-term lowering of large drainage basins. Traditional arguments to reconcile these two disparate rates are ﬂawed. The ﬂux of sediment leaving a speciﬁed area cannot be converted to a yield simply by dividing by the area, because there is no simple relationship between ﬂux and area. Here, we develop an approach to the determination of erosion rates that is based upon the entrainment rates and travel distances of individual particles. The limited available empirical data is consistent with the predictions of this approach. Parameterization of the equations to take account of such factors as gradient and sediment supply is required to proceed from the conceptual framework to quantitative measurements of erosion. However, our conceptual model solves the apparent paradox of the sediment delivery ratio, resolves recent discussion about the validity of erosion rates made using USLE erosion plots, and potentially can reconcile erosion rates with known lifespans of continents. Our results imply that previous estimates of soil erosion are fallacious. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A Conceptual Model for Determining Soil Erosion by Water

The influence of the pattern of moving rainstorms on overland flow

[1] The hydrological response of semiarid watersheds to short but intense rainfall events is complex due to feedbacks among water fluxes, vegetation patches, topography, and soil properties. This paper seeks to quantify the combined impact of soil-surface sealing, microtopography, and vegetation patches on surface hydrologic processes on a semiarid hillslope. A modeling approach using a two-layer conceptual infiltration model and two-dimensional surface runoff model was developed to study rainfall-runoff relationships. This combined model is applicable to heterogeneous areas with spatially varying soil properties, landscape, and land-cover characteristics. Data from a semiarid site in southern Israel was used to evaluate the model and analyze fundamental hydrologic mechanisms. Our results indicate that seal layer, microtopography, and vegetation play important roles in dry land runoff processes: seal layer controls runoff generation; vegetation patches affect overland flow by enhancing local infiltration rates; microtopography has a small impact on the total amount of runoff, but shapes the spatial pattern of overland flow. The presence of vegetation patches amplifies the effect of microtopography by increasing spatial variability of infiltration and runoff. Results also show that water resource allocation favors vegetation patches through surface runoff, with maximum local cumulative infiltration one order of magnitude higher than the amount of water available from rainfall. This suggests a sophisticated system of water resource distribution in semiarid ecosystems through complex interactions among environmental factors.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wrcr.20360

The role of soil-surface sealing, microtopography, and vegetation patches in rainfall-runoff processes in semiarid areas

The main purpose of this work concerns the development and testing of an overland flow model based on the two-dimensional fully dynamic shallow water equations Three key aspects, fundamental to get accurate, efficient and robust computation of surface runoff at basin scale, are discussed by transferring the main findings obtained by the recent research on the topic of dam-break wave and flood propagation in the context of rainfall–runoff modelling In particular, attention is focused on the numerical flux and bottom slope source terms computation, on a numerical treatment of friction slope terms and on an algorithm for dealing with wetting/drying fronts The performances of the numerical model have been preliminarily evaluated using experimental or ideal tests characterized by very critical conditions for the stability of a numerical model Then, attention was focused on a real event occurred in a sub-basin of Reno river in Italy to analyse the suitability of the model in simulating real flood situations The numerical results highlight the good performances of the model in all the simulations discussed in the paper Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

A storm event watershed model for surface runoff based on 2D fully dynamic wave equations

This paper presents a numerical model suitable for a broad range of surface flow problems such as overland flow, wetting and drying processes, varying flow conditions and shock waves. It is based on solution of two-dimensional fully dynamic shallow water equations using a cell-centred finite-volume method. Numerical fluxes are computed with a Harten, Lax and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with a contact wave restored. The scheme is second-order accurate in space, and a total variation diminishing method is used to avoid spurious oscillations in the solution. For extending the model to rainfall-runoff applications, infiltration is considered as a constant runoff coefficient and by the Green–Ampt model. The model is implemented in the Hydroinformatics Modelling System, an object-oriented framework that enables the implementation and simulation of single and multiple processes in different spatial and temporal resolutions, as well as their interactions. The capabilities of the model are shown by comparison with analytical solutions and experimental data of a flash flood and a surface runoff experiment. Finally, a real rainfall-runoff event in a small alpine catchment is investigated. Overall, good agreement of numerical and analytical results, as well as measurements, has been obtained.

A model for overland flow and associated processes within the Hydroinformatics Modelling System

1. Introduction. Historical review. Classical hydrology. Hydrodynamic equations. Infiltration. 2. Analysis of Runoff. Introduction. Dynamic equations. Simplified equations. The kinematic equations. Kinematic flow over impermeable planes. Friction equation. 3. Hydrograph Shape and Peak Flows. Design parameters. Solution of kinematic equations for flow off a plane. Hydrographs for planes. Derivation of peak flow charts. Effect of canalization. Estimation of abstractions. 4. Kinematic Assumptions. Nature of kinematic equations. Kinematic approximation to overland flow. Kinematic and non-kinematic waves. Non-kinematic waves. Muskingum river routing. Kinematic and diffusion models. 5. Numerical Solutions. Methods of solution of equations of motion. Method of characteristics. Finite difference methods. Numerical solution. Accuracy and stability of numerical schemes. Effect of friction. Choosing an explicit finite difference scheme for the solution of the one-dimensional kinematic equations. 6. Dimensionless Hydrographs. Unit hydrographs. Development and use of graphs. Excess rainfall. Dimensionless equations. Use of dimensionless hydrographs. 7. Storm Dynamics and Distribution. Design practice. Storm patterns. Numerical models. Solutions for dynamic storms. 8. Conduit Flow. Kinematic equations for non-rectangular sections. Part-full circular pipes. Computer program for design of storm drain network. Trapezoidal channels. Comparison of kinematic and time-shift routing in conduits. 9. Urban Catchment Management. Effects of urbanization. Example: Calculation of peak runoff for various conditions. Detention storage. Channel storage. Kinematic equations for closed conduit systems. Computer program to simulate reservoir level variations in a pipe network. 10. Kinematic Modelling. Introduction. Stormwater modelling. Mathematical models. System definition. Terminology and definitions. Modelling approaches. Examples of parametric and deterministic models. Two-dimensional overland flow modelling. 11. Applications of Kinematic Modelling. Approaches. A model for urban watersheds. A model for rural watersheds. Overland flow and streamflow program. Real-time modelling. 12. Groundwater Flow. General comments. Flow in porous media. Differential equations in porous media. Analysis of subsurface flow. Flow in unsaturated zone. Flow in non-homogenous saturated zone. Author Index. Index

Kinematic hydrology and modelling

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Kinematic hydrology and modelling