Eco-driving has been widely investigated over the last decade, but most studies focused on an individual vehicle or a vehicle platoon consisting of pure connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). Recently, mixed vehicle platoons consisting of both CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) have attracted much interest, considering the fact that HDVs will mix with CAVs in the traffic system for a long period. This paper proposes an eco-driving strategy for mixed platoons, composing of both offline planning and online tracking. In offline planning, an energy-efficient speed reference and a gearshift reference are determined by using the characteristics of each vehicle and future traffic information through dynamic programming. Offline planning optimised the vehicle speed and gearshift to allow the vehicle powertrain working at a high efficiency region. In online tracking, two different types of model predictive controls (MPCs) are proposed to control the CAVs in real-time. The MPCs are designed to achieve precise speed reference tracking performance and guarantee platoon string stability, respectively. Meanwhile, HDVs within the mixed platoon can be located anywhere in the platoon except working as the first vehicle to improve flexibility. Therefore, the proposed eco-driving strategy is applicable to mixed platoons with more general structures in ordering. The key contribution of this study is that the proposed eco-driving strategy can optimise the total fuel consumption for general mixed platoons. Simulation results show that the proposed eco-driving strategy improves the fuel economy of a mixed platoon by up to 6.39% compared to the benchmark conventional-adaptive cruise control strategies. 

/pdf/eco-driving-of-general-mixed-platoons-with-cavs-and-hdvs-2ow2w6j0.pdf

Eco-Driving of General Mixed Platoons With CAVs and HDVs

Dielectric-barrier-discharge plasma actuators are arranged to produce counter-rotating streamwise vortices to control flow separation on a cylindrical bump on a flat plate that is approached by a turbulent boundary layer. The control was tested for different free-stream velocities and actuation driving voltages. The recirculation area downstream of the bump was reduced by the actuation for velocities up to at the highest voltage achievable of the present set-up. However, the flow shows a bi-modality, the nominal two-dimensional wake flow is shown to consist of large-scale streamwise vortices, which are energised by the actuation until a phenomenon of lock-on of these vortices occurs at sufficiently high driving voltages. The wavelength of the actuation is half that of the large-scale vortices. The lock-on shifts sometimes, i.e. the large streamwise vortices centre switch spanwise location, explaining the bi-modality in the flow. The details of the bi-modality are further investigated by conditional averaging and proper orthogonal decomposition.

Flow separation control behind a cylindrical bump using dielectric-barrier-discharge vortex generator plasma actuators

https://research.chalmers.se/publication/524480/file/524480_Fulltext.pdf

Experimental investigation of a two-truck platoon considering inter-vehicle distance, lateral offset and yaw

Today, timber trucks of gross vehicle weight (GVW) up to 76 tonnes are allowed to operate on Finnish roads from roadside landings to mills. Reducing trucking costs and exhaust gas emissions have be...

/pdf/the-influence-of-gross-vehicle-weight-gvw-and-transport-388c33rgps.pdf

The influence of gross vehicle weight (GVW) and transport distance on timber trucking performance indicators – Discrete event simulation case study in Central Finland

In the beginning of the 1980’s Large Eddy BreakUp (LEBU) devices, thin plates or airfoils mounted in the outer part of turbulent boundary layers, were shown to be able to change the turbulent structure and intermittency as well as reduce turbulent skin friction. In some wind-tunnel studies it was also claimed that a net drag reduction was obtained, i.e. the reduction in skin-friction drag was larger than the drag on the devices. However, towing-tank experiments with a flat plate at high Reynolds numbers as well as with an axisymmetric body showed no net reduction, but instead an increase in total drag. Recent large-eddy simulations have explored the effect of LEBUs on the turbulent boundary layer and evaluations of the total drag show similar results as in the towing tank experiments. Despite these negative results in terms of net drag reduction, LEBUs manipulate the boundary layer in an interesting way which explains why they still attract some interest. The reason for the positive results in the wind-tunnel studies as compared to drag measurements are discussed here, although no definite answer for the differences can be given.

/pdf/large-eddy-breakup-devices-a-40-years-perspective-from-a-buuaztk5pb.pdf

Large-Eddy BreakUp Devices - a 40 Years Perspective from a Stockholm Horizon.

An experimental study of the effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasma actuators on the flow separation on the A-pillar of a modern truck under cross-wind conditions has been carried out. The e ...

/pdf/plasma-streamwise-vortex-generators-for-flow-separation-32ayi43ok3.pdf

Plasma Streamwise Vortex Generators for Flow Separation Control on Trucks: A Proof-of-concept Experiment.

Aerodynamics of Timber Trucks - a Wind Tunnel Investigation

The effect of blockage due to the presence of the wind tunnel walls has been known since the early days of wind tunnel testing. Today there are several blockage correction methods available for cor ...

Numerical Investigation of Blockage Effects on Heavy Trucks in Full Scale Test Conditions

Scania’s New CD7 Climatic Wind Tunnel Facility for Heavy Trucks and Buses

The increasing importance of fuel and energy efficiency in transport combined with recent improvements in vehicle automation has renewed interest in the concept of platooning. Many studies so far have used very simplified models, thus, creating a need for understanding the flow behavior and the aerodynamic gains in more complex scenarios. This paper proposes a method of examining the aerodynamics of vehicles driving in close proximity using detailed European truck models and Computational Fluid Dynamics. The study was conducted using two trucks driving at inter-vehicle distances of 2.5 m to 20 m. A thorough numerical investigation was carried out and showed that the combined drag of the platoon had a continuous improvement with decreased distance between the vehicles. This was due to a significant drag improvement of the leading truck. This behavior originated from the increased base pressure induced by the presence of a close blockage behind it. The drag of the trailing truck showed an opposite behavior, that is, a moderate increase in drag with decreased inter-vehicle distance. This was a result of a decreased acceleration of the flow around the front edges and an increase in pressure in the tractor-trailer gap.

Influence of Inter-Vehicle Distance on the Aerodynamics of a Two-Truck Platoon

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