Vascular stenosis triggers adaptive cellular responses that induce adverse remodeling, which can progress to partial or complete vessel occlusion. Despite its severity, cellular interactions and biophysical cues that regulate pathological progression are poorly understood. We report the design and fabrication of a three-dimensional in vitro system to model vascular stenosis so that specific cellular interactions and responses to hemodynamic stimuli can be investigated. Tubular cellularized constructs (cytotubes) were produced using a collagen casting system to generate a stenotic arterial model. Fabrication methods were developed to create cytotubes containing co-cultured vascular cells, where cell viability, distribution, morphology, and contraction were examined (Figure). Fibroblasts, bone marrow primary cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) remained viable during culture and developed locationand time-dependent morphologies. We found cytotube contraction to depend on cellular composition, where SMC-EC co-cultures adopted intermediate contractile phenotypes between SMCand EC-only cytotubes. Our fabrication approach and resulting artery model can serve as an in vitro 3D culture system to investigate vascular pathogenesis.

Microscopy and Microanalysis

While significant progress has been made in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) for metal additive manufacturing (AM), there is still limited large scale adoption of this advanced manufacturing techniq

Laser powder bed fusion for metal additive manufacturing: perspectives on recent developments

Aircraft electrification is currently the best alternative to address the rising demand for more air transportation and deal with anticipated economic and environmental impacts. Although the all-electric-aircraft (AEA) concept is not yet a feasible solution, the more-electric aircraft (MEA) is gaining significant attention. Electrical systems either partially or entirely replace the large and inefficient hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical conventional aircraft actuating systems. The upgrade could also encompass the propulsion system, as in hybrid- and turbo-electric aircraft. This upgrade reduces the aircraft weight, reduces the usage of pollutant fluids, increases fuel efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and increases aircraft controllability and reliability. This article reviews various application areas of electric machines in electrified aircraft, such as actuation, taxiing, propulsion, and generation. Moreover, it reviews the main types of currently/to be utilized electric machines and the critically required specifications. Finally, a comparison between the different considered machines and potential future research is discussed.

Review of Electric Machines in More-/Hybrid-/Turbo-Electric Aircraft

Additive manufacturing of magnetic materials

Additive manufacturing of soft magnets for electrical machines—a review

Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic materials and components based on laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) offers new opportunities for soft magnetic core materials in efficient energy converters. For more favorable material compositions like FeSi6.7 (strategy 1) with larger electrical resistivity and close-to-zero magnetostriction a maximum permeability of μmax = 31,000, minimum coercivity of Hc = 16 A/m and hysteresis losses of 0.7 W/kg at 1 T and 50 Hz have been realized. To further reduce eddy current losses significantly, novel topological structures like inner slits (strategy 2) and multilayered structures of alternating layers of electrically insulating material and soft magnetic material (strategy 3) are suggested. Feasibility, functionality and potential of the different strategies (and combinations thereof) are discussed based on first prototypes and supporting simulations. The results are compared to conventional electrical steel and SMC (soft magnetic composites).

Additive manufacturing of soft magnetic materials and components

The current work demonstrates that electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful and versatile characterization technique for investigating soft magnetic materials. The properties of soft magnets, e.g., magnetic losses strongly depend on the materials chemical composition and microstructure, including grain size and shape, texture, degree of plastic deformation and elastic strain. In electrical sheet stacks for e-motor applications, the quality of the machined edges/surfaces of each individual sheet is of special interest. Using EBSD, the influence of the punching process on the microstructure at the cutting edge is quantitatively assessed by evaluating the crystallographic misorientation distribution of the deformed grains. Using an industrial punching process, the maximum affected deformation depth is determined to be 200 - 300 μm. In the case of laser cutting, the affected deformation depth is determined to be approximately zero. Reliability and detection limits of the developed EBSD approach a...

Analysis of soft magnetic materials by electron backscatter diffraction as a powerful tool

Tailored hard and soft magnetic materials play a key role for efficient next generation electrical energy converters. Besides the chemical composition, the microstructure design is essential for high performance magnets. Hard magnetic materials feature a high coercive field and high remanence, which requires small grain sizes and a high degree of alignment, respectively. Both properties depend on the manufacturing process of hard magnetic materials, which involves the alignment of hard magnetic powder in an external magnetic field before compaction. By means of liquid-phase sintering a microstructure consisting of hard magnetic anisotropic aligned grains is obtained. The grains are magnetically isolated from each other by a non-magnetic grain boundary phase [1]. In contrast, soft magnets like electrical steels are characterized by a low coercive field. This allows high frequency applications with low energy losses. The optimal grain size of electrical steels for automotive applications is between 100 – 150 μm and is achieved due to a combination of rolling and annealing steps [2]. For the final geometry of the motor components mechanical punching processes are required. Therefore, elastic strains and plastic deformation remain in the structure. The design of the structure of hard and soft magnetic materials represents one of the major challenges to realize improved magnetic properties for tailored electromobile applications.

/pdf/ebsd-a-powerful-tool-for-the-analysis-of-magnetic-materials-14o7e2qjv0.pdf

EBSD - a Powerful Tool for the Analysis of Magnetic Materials

Soft magnetic composite (SMC) material has been fabricated using 9 different powder particle fractions (smallest fraction: 400 μm). The microstructure features and resulting magnetic properties have been quantified and correlated. A specific focus lies on simultaneous consideration of the effects of particle size and internal grain size. Analysis has been carried out on samples in green condition and samples annealed between 400 °C and 600 °C. Electron backscatter diffraction technology brings about a substantially additional value to characterize deformations inside the grains. By detailed advanced microstructure analysis, it is shown that the deformation and recrystallization behavior is significantly different for different particle sizes used. Particle sizes between 100 and 200 μm show grain size distributions with the largest grains (d50 ~ 44 μm) in the volume of the particles resulting in the lowest hysteresis losses (PH ~ 4 W/kg, 1 T, 50 Hz). The relationship between particle and internal grain size distribution has been analyzed to enable further improvement of SMC materials concerning hysteresis loss reduction.

Tailoring the Microstructure of Soft Magnetic Composites for Electric Motor Applications

Neue Werkstoffe sind oft der entscheidende Treiber bei der Entwicklung innovativer Produkte, so auch im Automobilbau. Gerade bei den Schlusselkomponenten Energielieferant, Energiewandler und Leichtbaukonstruktionen lasst die Pulvermetallurgie signifikante Innovationspotenziale fur die Elektromobilitat erwarten. Im vorliegenden Artikel soll eine Ubersicht gegeben werden uber die fur die Elektromobilitat wichtigen Komponenten, bei denen die Pulvertechnologie eine Bedeutung spielen kann. An einigen Beispielen werden der Forschungsbedarf und die Zukunftspotenziale der Pulvertechnologie diskutiert.

Pulvertechnisch hergestellte Werkstoffe für die Elektromobilität — Teil 1: Batterien

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