Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis

The screening and testing of extracts against a variety of pharmacological targets in order to benefit from the immense natural chemical diversity is a concern in many laboratories worldwide. And several successes have been recorded in finding new actives in natural products, some of which have become new drugs or new sources of inspiration for drugs. But in view of the vast amount of research on the subject, it is surprising that not more drug candidates were found. In our view, it is fundamental to reflect upon the approaches of such drug discovery programs and the technical processes that are used, along with their inherent difficulties and biases. Based on an extensive survey of recent publications, we discuss the origin and the variety of natural chemical diversity as well as the strategies to having the potential to embrace this diversity. It seemed to us that some of the difficulties of the area could be related with the technical approaches that are used, so the present review begins with synthetizing some of the more used discovery strategies, exemplifying some key points, in order to address some of their limitations. It appears that one of the challenges of natural product-based drug discovery programs should be an easier access to renewable sources of plant-derived products. Maximizing the use of the data together with the exploration of chemical diversity while working on reasonable supply of natural product-based entities could be a way to answer this challenge. We suggested alternative ways to access and explore part of this chemical diversity with in vitro cultures. We also reinforced how important it was organizing and making available this worldwide knowledge in an "inventory" of natural products and their sources. And finally, we focused on strategies based on synthetic biology and syntheses that allow reaching industrial scale supply. Approaches based on the opportunities lying in untapped natural plant chemical diversity are also considered.

Unraveling Plant Natural Chemical Diversity for Drug Discovery Purposes

Cellular agriculture - industrial biotechnology for food and materials.

For centuries plants have been intensively utilized as reliable sources of food, flavoring, agrochemical and pharmaceutical ingredients. However, plant natural habitats are being rapidly lost due t...

Green (cell) factories for advanced production of plant secondary metabolites

EMBO Reports (2019) 20: e47395[OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2]

Humanity is facing the twin challenge of producing sufficient and nutritious food for a growing and increasingly affluent population while reducing the environmental impact of agriculture. Livestock in particular is a major environmental stressor [1] as it produces an estimated 15% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [2], which is more than the whole transportation sector. The main sources of these emissions are methane from ruminants' enteric fermentation, emissions related to feed production, manure management and use of energy. In addition, cutting down forests for pasture and feed production substantially contributes to carbon dioxide emissions and biodiversity loss, especially in tropical regions. Livestock production also releases nitrogen and phosphorus into waterways, which causes eutrophication, disturbs ecosystems and can even result in oxygen depletion in lakes and oceans with drastic consequences for fish and other aquatic species. Lastly, livestock production consumes around a quarter of all fresh water available.

> Population growth and rising average incomes mean that the global demand for livestock products will further increase by up to 70% between 2010 and 2050…

Population growth and rising average incomes mean that the global demand for livestock products will further increase by up to 70% between 2010 and 2050 [2], which will have dramatic environmental consequences. However, the possibilities for increasing livestock production without increasing its environmental impact are very limited. Intensive livestock systems may help to use resources more efficiently and to better control emissions, but it has negative effects on animal welfare owing to limited space and cramped living conditions.

> Cultured meat has often been heralded as a silver bullet for solving the environmental problems caused by livestock production.

One possible solution is substituting meat with plant‐based alternatives [3]. Nonetheless, despite the increasing availability …

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 [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=embor&resid=20/1/e47395&atom=%2Fembor%2F20%2F1%2Fe47395.atom

The eco-friendly burger: Could cultured meat improve the environmental sustainability of meat products?

The production of drugs, cosmetics, and food which are derived from plant cell and tissue cultures has a long tradition. The emerging trend of manufacturing cosmetics and food products in a natural and sustainable manner has brought a new wave in plant cell culture technology over the past 10 years. More than 50 products based on extracts from plant cell cultures have made their way into the cosmetics industry during this time, whereby the majority is produced with plant cell suspension cultures. In addition, the first plant cell culture-based food supplement ingredients, such as Echigena Plus and Teoside 10, are now produced at production scale. In this mini review, we discuss the reasons for and the characteristics as well as the challenges of plant cell culture-based productions for the cosmetics and food industries. It focuses on the current state of the art in this field. In addition, two examples of the latest developments in plant cell culture-based food production are presented, that is, superfood which boosts health and food that can be produced in the lab or at home.

/pdf/plant-cell-culture-technology-in-the-cosmetics-and-food-523vy7u0dw.pdf

Plant cell culture technology in the cosmetics and food industries: current state and future trends.

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Plant cell culture technology in the cosmetics and food industries: current state and future trends.