Visual discomfort has been the subject of considerable research in relation to stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays. In this paper, the importance of various causes and aspects of visual discomfort is clarified. When disparity values do not surpass a limit of 1°, which still provides sufficient range to allow satisfactory depth perception in stereoscopic television, classical determinants such as excessive binocular parallax and accommodation-vergence conflict appear to be of minor importance. Visual discomfort, however, may still occur within this limit and we believe the following factors to be the most pertinent in contributing to this: (1) temporally changing demand of accommodation-vergence linkage, e.g., by fast motion in depth; (2) three-dimensional artifacts resulting from insufficient depth information in the incoming data signal yielding spatial and temporal inconsistencies; and (3) unnatural blur. In order to ad- equately characterize and understand visual discomfort, multiple types of measurements, both objective and subjective, are required. © 2009 Society for Imaging Science and Technology. DOI: 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2009.53.3.030201

Visual Discomfort and Visual Fatigue of Stereoscopic Displays: A Review

http://www.jennyreadresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Howarth2011.pdf

Potential hazards of viewing 3-D stereoscopic television, cinema and computer games: a review

The quality of experience (QoE) of 3D contents is usually considered to be the combination of the perceived visual quality, the perceived depth quality, and lastly the visual fatigue and comfort. When either fatigue or discomfort are induced, studies tend to show that observers prefer to experience a 2D version of the contents. For this reason, providing a comfortable experience is a prerequisite for observers to actually consider the depth effect as a visualization improvement. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive review on visual fatigue and discomfort induced by the visualization of 3D stereoscopic contents, in the light of physiological and psychological processes enabling depth perception. First, we review the multitude of manifestations of visual fatigue and discomfort (near triad disorders, symptoms for discomfort), as well as means for detection and evaluation. We then discuss how, in 3D displays, ocular and cognitive conflicts with real world experience may cause fatigue and discomfort; these includes the accommodation–vergence conflict, the inadequacy between presented stimuli and observers depth of focus, and the cognitive integration of conflicting depth cues. We also discuss some limits for stereopsis that constrain our ability to perceive depth, and in particular the perception of planar and in-depth motion, the limited fusion range, and various stereopsis disorders. Finally, this paper discusses how the different aspects of fatigue and discomfort apply to 3D technologies and contents. We notably highlight the need for respecting a comfort zone and avoiding camera and rendering artifacts. We also discuss the influence of visual attention, exposure duration, and training. Conclusions provide guidance for best practices and future research.

/pdf/how-visual-fatigue-and-discomfort-impact-3d-tv-quality-of-2z0iau931e.pdf

How visual fatigue and discomfort impact 3D-TV quality of experience: a comprehensive review of technological, psychophysical, and psychological factors

Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) reached the consumer market and are used for learning purposes. Risks regarding visual fatigue and high cognitive load arise while using HMDs. These ris...

Measuring Visual Fatigue and Cognitive Load via Eye Tracking while Learning with Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays: A Review

Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties.

Pickwell's binocular vision anomalies : investigation and treatment

Pickwell,s binocular vision anomalies , Pickwell,s binocular vision anomalies , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies

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Pickwell's binocular vision anomalies : investigation and treatment

Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies