Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10–15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of ‘Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi’ in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi” published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell & Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. & De Not. (Art. 59).

Notes for genera: Ascomycota

A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families

The stabilities of three natural blue colorants—gardenia blue, phycocyanin and indigo—toward heat and light were studied in simple solutions of various pH. Gardenia blue was found to be stable at temperatures up to 80 °C in aqueous solution at pH 3, 5 and 7. Exposure to light of 3×105 lux for 24 hours resulted in approximately 50% degradation of gardenia blue in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin was found to be unstable to heat and light in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin is insoluble in acidic solution (pH 3) and denatures at temperatures above 45 °C at pH 5 and 7, leading to a color change. Exposure to light of 3×105 lux for 24 hours in aqueous solution at pH 5 and 7 caused ~80% degradation. Indigo was found to be stable in medium-chain-triglyceride oil for temperatures up to 90 °C, but to photodegrade (by approximately 70% after five hours of exposure to 3×105 lux), corresponding to a quantum yield of 1.8×10−4 mol Einstein−1 for visible light and 1.4×10−2 mol Einstein−1 for UV, as determined for monochromatic light of 600 and 313 nm, respectively. Exploratory studies have been carried out with the three blue colorants in application media such as soft drink, jelly gum, hard candy and sugar coating for soft candy. Despite its lower stability towards heat and light, phycocyanin was concluded to be the more versatile blue food colorant among the three studied, showing a bright blue color in jelly gum and coated soft candy.

Heat and light stability of three natural blue colorants for use in confectionery and beverages

The kingdom Fungi is one of the more diverse clades of eukaryotes in terrestrial ecosystems, where they provide numerous ecological services ranging from decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling to beneficial and antagonistic associations with plants and animals. The evolutionary relationships of the kingdom have represented some of the more recalcitrant problems in systematics and phylogenetics. The advent of molecular phylogenetics, and more recently phylogenomics, has greatly advanced our understanding of the patterns and processes associated with fungal evolution, however. In this article, we review the major phyla, subphyla, and classes of the kingdom Fungi and provide brief summaries of ecologies, morphologies, and exemplar taxa. We also provide examples of how molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary genomics have advanced our understanding of fungal evolution within each of the phyla and some of the major classes. In the current classification we recognize 8 phyla, 12 subphyla, and 46 classes within the kingdom. The ancestor of fungi is inferred to be zoosporic, and zoosporic fungi comprise three lineages that are paraphyletic to the remainder of fungi. Fungi historically classified as zygomycetes do not form a monophyletic group and are paraphyletic to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are each monophyletic and collectively form the subkingdom Dikarya.

https://escholarship.org/content/qt4485m01m/qt4485m01m.pdf?t=q4jb3c

The Fungal Tree of Life: from Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies.

Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi from New Guinea

In woad (Isatis tinctoria), field observations indicated, that after periods of dry sunny weather, indigo yields increased significantly, suggesting that light intensity and quality affected indigo precursor production. Therefore, woad was grown under different light intensities and in the presence or absence of supplementary UV light. In general, plants supplied with more light produced more indigo than those given lesser light. When plants under greater light regimes were transferred to lesser light conditions, then indigo production declined. The opposite was also true, indicating that greater indigo production can be obtained from plants harvested after periods of increased sunlight.

Influence of light on natural indigo production from woad (Isatis tinctoria)

It is proposed that lichen photobionts, compared to mycobionts, have very limited capacity to evolve adaptations to lichenization, so that the symbionts in lichens do not co-evolve. This is because lichens have (a) no sequential selection of photobiont cells from one lichen into another needed for Darwinian natural selection and (b) no photobiont sexual reproduction in the thallus. Molecular studies of lichen photobionts indicate no predictable patterns of photobiont lineages that occur in lichens so supporting this proposal. Any adaptation by photobionts accumulating beneficial mutations for lichenization is probably insignificant compared to the rate of mycobiont adaptation. This proposal poses questions for research relating the photobiont sexual cycle (genetic and cellular), the fate of photobiont lineages after lichenization, whether lineages of photobionts in thalli change with time, thallus formation by from spores as well as carbohydrate movement from photobionts to mycobionts and regulation of co-development of the symbionts in the thallus.

Asymmetric Co-evolution in the Lichen Symbiosis Caused by a Limited Capacity for Adaptation in the Photobiont

The rate of lobe division during thallus enlargement in Xanthoria elegans and Diploicia canescens is considered in geometric terms. The frequency of lobe engulfment by neighbouring lobes was measured, was fitted graphically to a simple equation and was found to result from constant lobe division with thallus size. Values for a constant in the equation and derived from the observed frequency of lobe engulfment provided a measurement of a new morphological parameter: ratio lobe length to width. Greatest departure from circularity in small thalli of D. canescens occurred when thallus size did not permit lobe competition. Increasing lobe engulfment and thallus circularity in larger thalli appeared to be correlated. Circularity in crustose thalli without lobes is discussed with definitions of ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ areoles.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0024282984000475

Studies on The Growth of Lichens I Lobe Formation and the Maintenance of Circularity in Crustose Species

Growth of an organism can be defined as the increase in its living biomass. In lichens, biomass increase is presumed to be manifest in an increase in linear dimension, area or weight, which are convenient to measure (Table 1). However they do have different interpretations. For a lichen, an increase in lobe length, or thallus diameter, may not exactly reflect increase in area or mass; conversely, biomass increase may, for example, occur without an increase in the apparent linear size of a lichen thallus (e.g. a thallus confined in a mosaic may grow only in thickness). The rate of growth, which is expressed as increase per unit time, may give very different rates over different time spans, if it varies with different sized thalli, and, especially, with differing environments. The time span can be predetermined and the size of thallus can be allowed for in the analysis of the data. The growth form of the thallus is also important in deciding what parameter to measure. The type of data analysis planned and the aim of the study may also determine the type of measurement chosen. It should be decided whether the actual direct measurement itself is required or a derived measure, such as a proportional increase or the value of a growth rate coefficient.

Measurement of Lichen Growth

The accession data quality and record keeping at 21 botanic gardens, 35 gardens with National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens (NCCPG) collections, and eight other significant gardens in the UK was surveyed in January 2001, with special reference to Hebe.Nearly half of all the gardens in the survey had no written policies or procedures on accessions. This correlated significantly (p<0.05) with poorer quality accession data. Only 14% of botanicgardens and 17% of NCCPG gardens recorded all the minimum accession data fields recommended by the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). Only a third of all types of garden stored all their data on computer; a third of the botanic gardens updated their data less frequently than every two years, and the information transferred from the accession records to labels was sometimes scant. There was a significant negative correlation between the average number of accessions per member of staff, and accession data quality — more than 250accessions per member of staff often corresponding to poor data quality.We challenge the view that botanic gardens should only concentrate on plants from the local indigenous flora (Action Plan for Botanic Gardens in the European Union, BGCI 2000) becauseit restricts the educational role and research potential of the garden and limits the world-wide collections of endangered species being kept safe from indigenous hazards. However, with a need to limit the plants in gardens to a manageable number with good records, criteria will be needed to select which species to represent in collections. A list of criteria, developed from areview of the Hebe collection in the University of Bristol Botanic Garden, is suggested for all plants in botanic and similar gardens.

/pdf/inadequate-accession-data-compromises-the-conservation-value-56jj4p388m.pdf

Inadequate Accession Data Compromises the Conservation Value of Plant Collections

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