A polymer solar-cell based on a bulk hetereojunction design with an internal quantum efficiency of over 90% across the visible spectrum (425 nm to 575 nm) is reported. The device exhibits a power-conversion efficiency of 6% under standard air-mass 1.5 global illumination tests.

Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100

-phenylenevinylene)s L4. Fluorene-Based Conjugated Polymers L4.1. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Rich MoietiesM4.2. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingElectron-Deﬁcient MoietiesN4.3. Fluorene-Based Copolymers ContainingPhosphorescent ComplexesQ5. Carbazole-Based Conjugated Polymers R5.1. Poly(2,7-carbazole)-Based Polymers R5.2. Indolo[3,2-

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/6508/1/000271856900020.pdf

Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications

Solution-processed bulk-heterojunction solar cells have gained serious attention during the last few years and are becoming established as one of the future photovoltaic technologies for low-cost power production. This article reviews the highlights of the last few years, and summarizes today's state-of-the-art performance. An outlook is given on relevant future materials and technologies that have the potential to guide this young photovoltaic technology towards the magic 10% regime. A cost model supplements the technical discussions, with practical aspects any photovoltaic technology needs to fulfil, and answers to the question as to whether low module costs can compensate lower lifetimes and performances.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.200801283

Polymer‐Fullerene Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells

Recent Advances in Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells

The optoelectronic properties of polymeric semiconductor materials can be utilized for the fabrication of organic electronic and photonic devices. When key structural requirements are met, these materials exhibit unique properties such as solution processability, large charge transporting capabilities, and/or broad optical absorption. In this review recent developments in the area of π-conjugated polymeric semiconductors for organic thin-film (or field-effect) transistors (OTFTs or OFETs) and bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic (or solar) cell (BHJ-OPV or OSC) applications are summarized and analyzed.

π-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Electronics and Photovoltaic Cell Applications†

On the basis of theoretical models and calculations, several alternating polymeric structures have been investigated to develop optimized poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives for solar cell applications. Selected low band gap alternating copolymers have been obtained via a Suzuki coupling reaction. A good correlation between DFT theoretical calculations performed on model compounds and the experimental HOMO, LUMO, and band gap energies of the corresponding polymers has been obtained. This study reveals that the alternating copolymer HOMO energy level is mainly fixed by the carbazole moiety, whereas the LUMO energy level is mainly related to the nature of the electron-withdrawing comonomer. However, solar cell performances are not solely driven by the energy levels of the materials. Clearly, the molecular weight and the overall organization of the polymers are other important key parameters to consider when developing new polymers for solar cells. Preliminary measurements have revealed hole mobilities of about ...

Toward a rational design of poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives for solar cells.

The present review gives an overview of four of the most promising classes of conjugated polymers for plastic solar cells. The latest developments on poly(2,7-carbazole)s, poly(1,4-diketopyrrolopyrrole)s, poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene)s, and poly(thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)s are reported. More precisely, the synthesis and the physical and electronic properties of the polymers are discussed. Devices characteristics such as the open-circuit voltage, the fill factor, the short-circuit current density and the power conversion efficiency are also addressed. In summary, this review wants to give the reader a highlight of the very latest improvements in the organic photovoltaic field.

New conjugated polymers for plastic solar cells

/pdf/a-high-mobility-low-bandgap-poly-2-7-carbazole-derivative-25yrqryj5a.pdf

A High-Mobility Low-Bandgap Poly(2,7-carbazole) Derivative for Photovoltaic Applications

The synthesis and characterization of new heterofluorene derivatives based on germanium are described. These germafluorene monomers have been polymerized with different aromatic comonomers. The resulting homopolymers and alternating copolymers have been characterized by size exclusion chromatography, thermal analyses (TGA and DSC), UV−vis−NIR absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and cyclic voltammetry. These homopolymers and copolymers are air-stable and present bandgaps ranging from 3.0 to 1.6 eV. Some copolymers were tested in field-effect transistors (FETs) and bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells (PCs). Best results in FETs were obtained with poly[2,7-(9,9-di-n-butylgermafluorene)-alt-3,6-bis(thiophen-5-yl)-2,5-dioctylpyrrolo[3,4-]pyrrole-1,4-dione], which shows a hole mobility up to 0.04 cm2 (V·s)−1 with an Ion/Ioff ratio of 1.0 × 106. For photovoltaic applications, the best results were obtained with poly[2,7-(9,9-di-n-octylgermafluorene)-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazol...

/pdf/germafluorenes-new-heterocycles-for-plastic-electronics-53djlf57s0.pdf

Germafluorenes: New Heterocycles for Plastic Electronics

A series of new dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]germole copolymers have been synthesized and characterized. The dithienogermole unit has been polymerized with different aromatic comonomers such as the benzothiadiazole (PGe1-C8 and PGe1-EH) and thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (PGe2). Suzuki and Stille coupling polymerizations under various conditions have been utilized. The polymers were then characterized by size-exclusion chromatography and thermal analyses (TGA, DSC), and their optical and electronic properties were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. These low bandgap polymers (1.3–1.7 eV) have also been tested for photovoltaic applications; the best result was achieved with polymer PGe2, which shows a power conversion efficiency of 4.1%.

Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]germole) Derivatives

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