Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: principles, problems and progress

Saltwater has invaded the coastal aquifer along the southern Adriatic coast of the Po Plain in Italy The topography, morphology and land use of the region is complex: rivers, canals, wetlands, lagoons, urban, industrial and agricultural areas and tourist establishments all coexist in a small area Water table and iso-salinity maps show that in four study areas (Ancona-Bellocchio, Marina Romea, San Vitale Forest, Cervia) out of five, the water tables are below sea level and saltwater has replaced freshwater in the aquifer The fifth area (Classe Forest) has a relatively pristine freshwater aquifer thanks to an average water-table height of 2 m above sea level, a lower hydraulic conductivity (< 77 m/day) and a continuous dune system along the coast Only in this area is the topography high enough to maintain freshwater heads that can counteract saltwater intrusion according to the Ghyben-Herzberg principle Furthermore, the climate, with an average yearly precipitation of 606 mm and an average temperature of 144°C, allows for little recharge of the aquifer Ongoing subsidence, encroachment of sea water along rivers and canals, as well as drainage from agricultural land also enhance the salinization process

Salt water intrusion in the coastal aquifer of the southern Po Plain, Italy

A comparison of controls on freshwater lens morphology of small carbonate and siliciclastic islands: examples from barrier islands in Florida, USA

Groundwater transport and the freshwater-saltwater interface below sandy beaches

Multi-year climate oscillations such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affect precipitation and stream discharge rates in the western hemisphere. While inferences may be drawn between these hydroclimatological relationships and groundwater conditions, few studies explicitly link groundwater conditions to these cycles. Here we investigate relationships between winter ENSO, PDO, and lagging baseflow rates in the southeastern United States. We find strong correlation between winter ENSO and lagged baseflow in coastal North Carolina which, coupled with anomalies in mean baseflow, decrease with distance inland from the coast. Our results demonstrate that interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations in the Pacific Ocean have a strong effect on hydrological processes in eastern North America despite filtering by the groundwater flow process. These results have implications for water resource availability in regions where water management is complicated by population growth and climatic uncertainty.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2008GL036054

Effect of interannual and interdecadal climate oscillations on groundwater in North Carolina

On Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA, complex stratigraphy results from surficial sediments being superimposed on an inherited Pleistocene platform. Numerical simulations used to simulate water-table profiles on the island illustrate the influence that the complex stratigraphy has on water-table elevations. Field data consist of water-table profiles collected from a cross-island transect of wells. These profiles show unusually high water-table elevations in the south-central portion of Hatteras Island. Geophysical data are used to constrain the subsurface stratigraphy. Simple analytical solutions to the groundwater flow equation using laterally varying recharge rates cannot match mean water-table profiles. More complex numerical simulations, which do match the profiles, indicate that the elevated water levels result from a low-permeability unit that extends several kilometers along the longitudinal axis of the island. Island geomorphology and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data suggest that this unit is a former interdunal wetland that has been buried by a series of parabolic dunes.

The effects of Holocene barrier-island evolution on water-table elevations, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA

Ground water recharge is often estimated through the calibration of ground water flow models. We examine the nature of calibration errors by considering some simple mathematical and numerical calculations. From these calculations, we conclude that calibrating a steady-state ground water flow model to water level extremes yields estimates of recharge that have the same value as the time-varying recharge at the time the water levels are measured. These recharge values, however, are a subdued version of the actual transient recharge signal. In addition, calibrating a steady-state ground water flow model to data collected during periods of rising water levels will produce recharge values that underestimate the actual transient recharge. Similarly, calibrating during periods of falling water levels will overestimate the actual transient recharge. We also demonstrate that average water levels can be used to estimate the actual average recharge rate provided that water level data have been collected for a sufficient amount of time.

/pdf/on-the-interpretation-of-recharge-estimates-from-steady-9fhrrl76u6.pdf

On The Interpretation Of Recharge Estimates From Steady-State Model Calibrations

"Anomalous Fresh Water Lens Morphology on a Strip Barrier Island" by C. Ruppel, G. Schultz, and S. Kruse, November-December 2000 issue, v. 38, no. 6: 872-881.

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The effects of Holocene barrier-island evolution on water-table elevations, Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA

On The Interpretation Of Recharge Estimates From Steady-State Model Calibrations

"Anomalous Fresh Water Lens Morphology on a Strip Barrier Island" by C. Ruppel, G. Schultz, and S. Kruse, November-December 2000 issue, v. 38, no. 6: 872-881.